Effect of delayed conditioned stimulus termination on extinction of an avoidance response following different termination conditions during acquisition.

1974 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-362
Author(s):  
Allen C. Israel ◽  
Vernon T. Devine ◽  
Margaret A. O'Dea ◽  
Mark E. Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Response

Avoidance and Escape Responses in the Larval Leopard Frog

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1155-1158
Author(s):  
William A. Janes ◽  
Virginia P. Falkenberg ◽  
Nicholas Pappas ◽  
Richard Tamura ◽  
William Clark
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Leopard Frog ◽  
Avoidance Situation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Avoidance Responses

To investigate the ability of larval Rana pipiens to respond to a discriminated avoidance situation light was used as the conditioned stimulus (CS), while the two unconditioned stimuli (UCS) consisted of scrambled electric shock and being chased. An avoidance response occurred when the tadpole crossed the goal line prior to the onset of the shock. An escape response occurred when the subject crossed the goal line after the onset of the shock but prior to being chased. A chase response occurred when the subject had to be chased across the goal line. A subject was considered to have learned the avoidance response when it made 7 avoidance responses during any 10 consecutive trials. The number of subjects reaching this criterion went from 0% on Day 1 to 100% on Day 12.

scholarly journals Transitions from avoidance: Reinforcing competing behaviours reduces generalised avoidance in new contexts

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2119-2131
Author(s):  
Marc P Bennett ◽  
Bryan Roche ◽  
Simon Dymond ◽  
Frank Baeyens ◽  
Bram Vervliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Stimulus Category ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Artificial Stimulus

Generalised avoidance behaviours are a common diagnostic feature of anxiety-related disorders and a barrier to affecting changes in anxiety during therapy. However, strategies to mitigate generalised avoidance are under-investigated. Even less attention is given to reducing the category-based generalisation of avoidance. We therefore investigated the potential of an operant-based approach. Specifically, it was examined whether reinforcing competing (non-avoidance) behaviours to threat-predictive cues would interfere with the expression of generalised avoidance. Using a matching-to-sample task, artificial stimulus categories were established using physically dissimilar nonsense shapes. A member of one category (conditioned stimulus; CS1) was then associated with an aversive outcome in an Acquisition context, unless an avoidance response was made. Next, competing behaviours were reinforced in response to the CS1 in new contexts. Finally, we tested for the generalisation of avoidance to another member of the stimulus category (generalisation stimulus; GS1) in both a Novel context and the Acquisition context. The selective generalisation of avoidance to GS1 was observed, but only in the Acquisition context. In the Novel context, the generalisation of avoidance to GSs was significantly reduced. A comparison group (Experiment 2), which did not learn any competing behaviours, avoided GS1 in both contexts. These findings suggest that reinforcing competing behavioural responses to threat-predictive cues can lead to reductions in generalised avoidance. This study is among the first study to demonstrate sustained reductions in generalised avoidance resulting from operant-based protocols, and the clinical and research implications are discussed.

Factors Influencing Electrophysiologic Responsivity in Normal Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347
Author(s):  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin RosenblÜt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
White Light ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Electrodermal Responses ◽  
Normal Adults

Electrodermal and electroencephalic responsivity to sound and to light was studied in 96 normal-hearing adults in three separate sessions. The subjects were subdivided into equal groups of white men, white women, colored men, and colored women. A 1 000 cps pure tone was the conditioned stimulus in two sessions and white light was used in a third session. Heat was the unconditioned stimulus in all sessions. Previously, an inverse relation had been found in white men between the prominence of alpha rhythm in the EEG and the ease with which electrodermal responses could be elicited. This relation did not hold true for white women. The main purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: (1) are the previous findings on white subjects applicable to colored subjects? (2) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive electrophysiologically on one day equally responsive (or unresponsive) on another day? and (3) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive to sound equally responsive (or unresponsive) to light? In general, each question was answered affirmatively. Other factors influencing responsivity were also studied.

“Paint It Black”

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oulmann Zerhouni ◽  
Johan Lepage
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
Difficulties In Emotion Regulation

Abstract. The present study is a first attempt to link self-reported difficulties in everyday emotion regulation (ER) with evaluative conditioning (EC). We conducted a within-subject study in which participants (n = 90) filled the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and were exposed to neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with mildly or highly arousing negative unconditioned stimuli (USs) and positive USs. Participants then filled a contingency awareness measure. Results showed (i) that CSs paired with highly arousing negative USs were more negatively evaluated, (ii) that the EC effect with highly and mildly arousing negative USs was stronger among participants with greater self-reported difficulties in everyday ER. Moreover, participants were more likely to be aware of the CS-US contingencies with highly (vs. mildly) arousing negative USs. Implications for the understanding of maladaptive behaviors and for future directions in EC research are discussed.

Acquisition and retention of a passive-avoidance response as a function of age in rats.

1971 ◽  
Vol 74 (1, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace J. Schulenburg ◽  
David C. Riccio ◽  
Edna R. Stikes
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Passive Avoidance Response
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