Role of collateral behavior in temporal discrimination performance and learning in rats.

1971 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Glazer ◽  
Devendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Collateral Behavior

scholarly journals EEG Correlates of Old/New Discrimination Performance Involving Abstract Figures and Non-Words

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Monika Toth ◽  
Anke Sambeth ◽  
Arjan Blokland
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
New Item

The processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar stimuli such as abstract figures and non-words is poorly understood. Here, we considered the role of memory strength in the discrimination process of such stimuli using a three-phase old/new recognition memory paradigm. Memory strength was manipulated as a function of the levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) and repetition. Behavioral results were matched to brain responses using EEG. We found that correct identification of the new abstract figures and non-words was superior to old item recognition when they were merely studied without repetition, but not when they were semantically processed or drawn. EEG results indicated that successful new item identification was marked by a combination of the absence of familiarity (N400) and recollection (P600) for the studied figures. For both the abstract figures and the non-words, the parietal P600 was found to differentiate between the old and new items (late old/new effects). The present study extends current knowledge on the processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar figurative and verbal stimuli by showing that their discrimination depends on experimentally induced memory strength and that the underlying brain processes differ. Nevertheless, the P600, similar to pre-experimentally familiar figures and words, likely reflects improved recognition memory of meaningless pictorial and verbal items.

scholarly journals Effects of stimulus and task structure on temporal perceptual learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rannie Xu ◽  
Russell M. Church ◽  
Yuka Sasaki ◽  
Takeo Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Interval Representation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Temporal Learning ◽  
And Task

AbstractOur ability to discriminate temporal intervals can be improved with practice. This learning is generally thought to reflect an enhancement in the representation of a trained interval, which leads to interval-specific improvements in temporal discrimination. In the present study, we asked whether temporal learning is further constrained by context-specific factors dictated through the trained stimulus and task structure. Two groups of participants were trained using a single-interval auditory discrimination task over 5 days. Training intervals were either one of eight predetermined values (FI group), or random from trial to trial (RI group). Before and after the training period, we measured discrimination performance using an untrained two-interval temporal comparison task. Our results revealed a selective improvement in the FI group, but not the RI group. However, this learning did not generalize between the trained and untrained tasks. These results highlight the sensitivity of TPL to stimulus and task structure, suggesting that mechanisms of temporal learning rely on processes beyond changes in interval representation.

Variable Foreperiods and Temporal Discrimination

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Grondin ◽  
Thomas Rammsayer
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Temporal Information Processing ◽  
Visual Markers ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Base Duration ◽  
Perceived Duration

Temporal judgements are often accounted for by a single-clock hypothesis. The output of such a clock is reported to depend on the allocation of attention. In the present series of experiments, the influence of attention on temporal information processing is investigated by systematic variations of the period preceding brief empty intervals to be judged. Two indicators of timing performance, temporal sensitivity, reflecting discrimination performance, and perceived duration served as dependent variables. Foreperiods ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 s in Experiments 1 to 4. When the foreperiod varied randomly from trial to trial, perceived duration was longer with increasing length of foreperiod (Experiments 1 and 3 with brief auditory markers and Experiment 4 with brief visual markers), an effect that disappeared with no trial-to-trial variations (Experiment 2). Longer foreperiods also enhanced performance on temporal discrimination of auditory empty intervals with a base duration of 100 ms (Experiments 1 and 5), whereas discrimination performance was unaffected for auditory intervals with a base duration of 500 ms (Experiment 3). The variable-foreperiod effect on perceived duration also held when foreperiods ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 s (Experiments 5—7). Findings suggest that foreperiods appear to effectively modulate attention mechanisms necessary for temporal information processing. However, alternative explanations such as assimilation or compatibility effects cannot be totally discarded.

scholarly journals Sequential Temporal Discrimination in Humans and Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Çoşkun ◽  
Dilara Berkay ◽  
Zeynep Ceyda Sayalı ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Endogenous Timing ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Timing Uncertainty

Previous studies showed that humans and mice can maximize their rewards in two alternative temporal discrimination tasks by incorporating exogenous probabilities and endogenous timing uncertainty into their decisions. The current study investigated if the probabilistic relations modulated the temporal discrimination performance in scenarios with more than two temporal options. In order to address this question, we tested humans (Experiment 1) and mice (Experiment 2) in the dual-switch task, which required subjects to discriminate three time intervals (short, medium, and long durations) in a sequential fashion. The latencies of switches from short to medium and from medium to long option were the main units of analysis. The results revealed that the timing of switches between the first two options (short-to-medium) were sensitive to probabilistic information in both humans and mice. However, mice but not humans adapted the timing of their subsequent switches between the last two options (medium-to-long) based on the probabilistic information associated with these latter options. These results point at a suboptimal tendency in the temporal decisions of humans with multiple options.

scholarly journals Pattern separation is the key driver of expectation-modulated memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Frank ◽  
Daniela Montaldi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Logical Deduction ◽  
Key Driver

AbstractThe hippocampus uses pattern separation and pattern completion in a continuous manner to successfully encode and retrieve memories1,2. However, whether and how cognitive factors might modulate the dynamics between these types of computation is not well understood. Here we examine the role of expectation in shifting the hippocampus to perform pattern separation. Expectation can be built up through multiple contextual exposures leading to prediction (as in a learnt contingency) or through logical deduction based on a previous mnemonic response. Participants first learned a contingency between a cue and an object’s category (man-made or natural). Then, at encoding, one third of the cues that preceded the to-be-memorised objects violated the studied rule. At test, participants performed an old/new recognition task with old items (targets) and a set of parametrically manipulated (very similar to dissimilar) new foils for each object. We explored the effects of both contextual expectation, manipulated at initial encoding, and mnemonic-attribution expectation, driven by the mnemonic decisions taken on previous retrieval trials. For example, a target would be unexpected if in a previous trial a similar foil had been erroneously accepted as old. Memory was found to be better for foils of high and mid similarity to contextually unexpected targets at encoding, compared to expected ones. Additionally, violations of mnemonic-attribution expectation also yielded improved memory performance when the level of foil similarity was high. These results suggest that violations of both contextual expectation and mnemonic-attribution expectation engage pattern separation, resulting in better discrimination performance for these items. Importantly, this mechanism is engaged when input differentiation is required in order to make a correct recognition decision.

scholarly journals Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1874) ◽  
pp. 20172447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Binning ◽  
Dominique G. Roche ◽  
Alexandra S. Grutter ◽  
Simona Colosio ◽  
Derek Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Discrimination Test ◽  
Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽  
Spatial Recognition

Cleaning organisms play a fundamental ecological role by removing ectoparasites and infected tissue from client surfaces. We used the well-studied cleaning mutualisms involving the cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, to test how client cognition is affected by ectoparasites and whether these effects are mitigated by cleaners. Ambon damselfish ( Pomacentrus amboinensis) collected from experimental reef patches without cleaner wrasse performed worse in a visual discrimination test than conspecifics from patches with cleaners. Endoparasite abundance also negatively influenced success in this test. Visual discrimination performance was also impaired in damselfish experimentally infected with gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda) ectoparasites. Neither cleaner absence nor gnathiid infection affected performance in spatial recognition or reversal learning tests. Injection with immune-stimulating lipopolysaccharide did not affect visual discrimination performance relative to saline-injected controls, suggesting that cognitive impairments are not due to an innate immune response. Our results highlight the complex, indirect role of cleaning organisms in promoting the health of their clients via ectoparasite removal and emphasize the negative impact of parasites on host's cognitive abilities.

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