Role of cholinergic-muscarinic receptors in visual discrimination performance of rats: Importance of stimulus load

2013 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia K.Y. Tsui ◽  
Hans C. Dringenberg
Keyword(s):  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Performance

scholarly journals Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1874) ◽  
pp. 20172447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Binning ◽  
Dominique G. Roche ◽  
Alexandra S. Grutter ◽  
Simona Colosio ◽  
Derek Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Discrimination Test ◽  
Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽  
Spatial Recognition

Cleaning organisms play a fundamental ecological role by removing ectoparasites and infected tissue from client surfaces. We used the well-studied cleaning mutualisms involving the cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, to test how client cognition is affected by ectoparasites and whether these effects are mitigated by cleaners. Ambon damselfish ( Pomacentrus amboinensis) collected from experimental reef patches without cleaner wrasse performed worse in a visual discrimination test than conspecifics from patches with cleaners. Endoparasite abundance also negatively influenced success in this test. Visual discrimination performance was also impaired in damselfish experimentally infected with gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda) ectoparasites. Neither cleaner absence nor gnathiid infection affected performance in spatial recognition or reversal learning tests. Injection with immune-stimulating lipopolysaccharide did not affect visual discrimination performance relative to saline-injected controls, suggesting that cognitive impairments are not due to an innate immune response. Our results highlight the complex, indirect role of cleaning organisms in promoting the health of their clients via ectoparasite removal and emphasize the negative impact of parasites on host's cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Confidence in visual motion discrimination is preserved in individuals with schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. E65-E73
Author(s):  
Nathan Faivre ◽  
Matthieu Roger ◽  
Michael Pereira ◽  
Vincent de Gardelle ◽  
Jean-Christophe Vergnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Visual Discrimination Task ◽  
Task Execution ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Narrative Assessment ◽  
Healthy Participants

Background: Metacognition is the set of reflexive processes that allows humans to evaluate the accuracy of their mental operations. Metacognitive deficits have been described in people with schizophrenia using mostly narrative assessment, and they have been linked to several key symptoms. Methods: We assessed metacognitive performance objectively by asking people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 20) and matched healthy participants (n = 21) to perform a visual discrimination task and report their confidence in their performance. Metacognitive performance was defined as the adequacy between visual discrimination performance and confidence. Results: Bayesian analyses revealed equivalent metacognitive performance in the 2 groups, despite a weaker association between confidence and trajectory tracking during task execution among people with schizophrenia. We reproduced these results using an evidence accumulation model, which showed similar decisional processes in the 2 groups. Limitations: These results from a relatively small study sample cannot be generalized to other perceptual and nonperceptual tasks. To meet this purpose, ecological tasks are needed. As well, the role of antipsychotic medication and design deserves greater attention in the future. Conclusion: We found similar decisional and metacognitive capabilities between people with schizophrenia and healthy controls in a visual discrimination task.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress symptoms are associated with better performance on a delayed match-to-position task

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan D. Caulfield ◽  
Catherine E. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Match To Sample ◽  
Traumatic Memories

Many individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) report experiencing frequent intrusive memories of the original traumatic event (e.g., flashbacks). These memories can be triggered by situations or stimuli that reflect aspects of the trauma and may reflect basic processes in learning and memory, such as generalization. It is possible that, through increased generalization, non-threatening stimuli that once evoked normal memories become associated with traumatic memories. Previous research has reported increased generalization in PTSD, but the role of visual discrimination processes has not been examined. To investigate visual discrimination in PTSD, 143 participants (Veterans and civilians) self-assessed for symptom severity were grouped according to the presence of severe PTSD symptoms (PTSS) vs. few/no symptoms (noPTSS). Participants were given a visual match-to-sample pattern separation task that varied trials by spatial separation (Low, Medium, High) and temporal delays (5, 10, 20, 30 s). Unexpectedly, the PTSS group demonstrated better discrimination performance than the noPTSS group at the most difficult spatial trials (Low spatial separation). Further assessment of accuracy and reaction time using diffusion drift modeling indicated that the better performance by the PTSS group on the hardest trials was not explained by slower reaction times, but rather a faster accumulation of evidence during decision making in conjunction with a reduced threshold, indicating a tendency in the PTSS group to decide quickly rather than waiting for additional evidence to support the decision. This result supports the need for future studies examining the precise role of discrimination and generalization in PTSD, and how these cognitive processes might contribute to expression and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.

Role of Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors on Synaptic Plasticity and Neurological Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 2004-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fuenzalida ◽  
Miguel Ángel Pérez ◽  
Hugo R. Arias
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Neurological Diseases

scholarly journals EEG Correlates of Old/New Discrimination Performance Involving Abstract Figures and Non-Words

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Monika Toth ◽  
Anke Sambeth ◽  
Arjan Blokland
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
New Item

The processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar stimuli such as abstract figures and non-words is poorly understood. Here, we considered the role of memory strength in the discrimination process of such stimuli using a three-phase old/new recognition memory paradigm. Memory strength was manipulated as a function of the levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) and repetition. Behavioral results were matched to brain responses using EEG. We found that correct identification of the new abstract figures and non-words was superior to old item recognition when they were merely studied without repetition, but not when they were semantically processed or drawn. EEG results indicated that successful new item identification was marked by a combination of the absence of familiarity (N400) and recollection (P600) for the studied figures. For both the abstract figures and the non-words, the parietal P600 was found to differentiate between the old and new items (late old/new effects). The present study extends current knowledge on the processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar figurative and verbal stimuli by showing that their discrimination depends on experimentally induced memory strength and that the underlying brain processes differ. Nevertheless, the P600, similar to pre-experimentally familiar figures and words, likely reflects improved recognition memory of meaningless pictorial and verbal items.

THE ROLE OF BRAIN STEM MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS IN THE REGULATION OF BREATHING

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Βασιλική Μάλλιου
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
In Vitro Autoradiography ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing

ΧΟΛΙΝΕΡΓΙΚΟΙ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΣΜΟΙ ΠΑΙΖΟΥΝ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΟ ΡΟΛΟ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΝΟΗΣ, ΑΛΛΑ Η ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΧΟΛΙΝΕΡΓΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΔΕΝ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΧΑΡΤΟΓΡΑΦΗΘΕΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΓΚΕΦΑΛΟΥ. ΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΜΕΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ ΕΤΕΡΟΓΕΝΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ MACHR ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ. ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΕ Η ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ IN VITRO AUTORADIOGRAPHY ΓΙΑΤΗΝ ΠΟΣΟΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΙΟΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ. Η ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΓΙΑ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΦΟΡΑ ΟΤΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΓΚΕΦΑΛΟΥ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ ΕΤΕΡΟΓΕΝΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ MACHR ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ. ΕΤΣΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ ΓΙΑ ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΕΣ ΜΕ ΣΤΟΧΟ ΝΑ ΔΙΕΥΚΡΙΝΙΣΤΕΙ Ο ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΟΣ ΡΟΛΟΣ ΤΩΝ MACHR ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΟΥ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΝΟΗΣ. ΤΟ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟ ΜΕΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗΣ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΔΡΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΟΥ ΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΗ BETH ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΤΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΩΝ 4-DAMP ΚΑΙ METHATRAMINE ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΧΝΟΤΗΤΑ (AL) ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΡΚΕΙΑ NREM ΚΑΙ REM ΥΠΝΟΥ. Η ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΟΤΙ Η BETH ΣΤΟ MPRF ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΟΥ ΠΡΟΚΑΛΕΙ ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΣ (P < 0.05) ΚΑΤΑ NREMΚΑΙ REM ΥΠΝΟΥ. ΜΙΚΡΟΕΓΧΥΣΕΙΣ 4-DAMP ΚΑΙ METH ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΗΤΗΣ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗΣ ΟΤΙ Η ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΣ ΔΕΝ ΜΠΟΡΕΙ ΝΑ ΞΕΧΩΡΙΣΤΕΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΕΓΡΗΓΟΡΣΗΣ. Η ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΑΥΤΗ ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΓΙΑ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΦΟΡΑ ΟΤΙ ΟΙ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΟΙ ΑΝΤΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΕΣ 4-DAMP ΚΑΙ METH ΔΕΝ ΕΜΠΟΔΙΣΑΝ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΣ ΠΟΥ ΣΥΝΟΔΕΥΕΙ ΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΕΓΡΗΓΟΡΣΗΣ.

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