Verbal behavior and problem solving: Some effects of labeling in a functional fixedness problem.

1966 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Glucksberg ◽  
Robert W. Weisberg
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Functional Fixedness

Two Kinds of Set in Problem Solving

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Anderson ◽  
William Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Functional Fixedness

A number of findings suggest that there are important differences between functional fixedness (FF) and Einstellung (E), though the significance of these findings seems to have gone unrecognized. The results of the present study suggest that FF and E (a) display different forgetting curves ( p < .001) and (b) respond differently to distribution of practice ( p < .05). Interpretations of the results are discussed.

Going to the zoo

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardine M. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Physical Map ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joint Activity ◽  
Planning Activity ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Instruction Sheet ◽  
Gaze Patterns

This paper reports on an investigation of gaze patterns and other non-verbal behavior in dyadic, problem-solving based interactions. In a planning activity, participants are given an instruction sheet and a physical map of a zoo. Both participants must coordinate their actions to find a common solution to the problem. This paper aims at examining how activity-based interactions vary from other interactions, such as everyday conversation and story-telling (Goodwin 1980; Bavelas et al. 2002, 2007). The findings of this paper suggest that participants’ non-verbal behavior, such as smiling, nodding and in particular gaze, varies according to the interactional organization. In egalitarian interactions gaze directed at the other person occurs together with meta-task utterances, for example personal and humorous remarks. This paper highlights the role of gaze in task-based interactions to show that gaze is an integral part of stance taking, as it enables participants to position themselves in a joint activity.

scholarly journals Object Reorientation and Creative Performance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Olteţeanu ◽  
L. H. Shu
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Functional Fixedness ◽  
Creative Problem ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
Psychological Measure

Functional fixedness refers to a cognitive bias that prevents people from using objects in new ways, and more abstractly, perceiving problems in new ways. Supporting people in overcoming functional fixedness could improve creative problem solving and capacities for creative design. A study was conducted to detect whether a relationship exists between participants’ tendency to reorient objects presented as stimuli in an Alternative Uses Test and their creativity, also measured using the Wallach Kogan pattern meanings test. The Alternative Uses Test measures creativity as a function of identifying alternative uses for traditional objects. The Wallach Kogan pattern-meanings test detects the ability to see an abstract pattern as different possible objects or scenes. Also studied is whether Kruglanski’s Need for Closure scale, a psychological measure, can predict the ability to incorporate reorientation cues when identifying uses. This study revealed highly significant, high correlations between reorientation and several creativity measures, and a correlation between reorientation and the predictability subscale of the Need for Closure scale. A qualitative exploration of participants’ responses reveals further metrics that may be relevant to assessing creativity in the Alternative Uses Test.

Interaction of Ability Level and Interpolated Activity (Opportunity for Incubation) in Human Problem Solving

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry G. Murray ◽  
J. Peter Denny
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Functional Fixedness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Human Problem ◽  
Activity Condition ◽  
Low Ability

Performance on a functional fixedness problem was investigated under conditions of continuous work on the problem vs interpolation of unrelated activity, and in Ss of low vs high problem-solving ability. The performance of low-ability Ss was most proficient under the interpolated-activity condition, whereas for high-ability Ss performance was best under continuous work. It was suggested that different types of problem-solving processes occurred in low- and high-ability Ss, and that interpolated activity influenced these processes in opposite ways.

scholarly journals Object Reorientation and Creative Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Oltețeanu ◽  
L. H. Shu
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Functional Fixedness ◽  
Creative Problem ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
Psychological Measure

Functional fixedness refers to a cognitive bias that prevents people from using objects in new ways and more abstractly from perceiving problems in new ways. Supporting people in overcoming functional fixedness could improve creative problem solving and capacities for creative design. A study was conducted to detect whether a relationship exists between participants' tendency to reorient objects presented as stimuli in an alternative uses test (AUT) and their creativity, also measured using the Wallach Kogan (WaKo) pattern meanings test. The AUT measures creativity as a function of identifying alternative uses for traditional objects. The WaKo pattern meanings test detects the ability to see an abstract pattern as different possible objects or scenes. Also studied is whether Kruglanski's need for closure (NFC) scale, a psychological measure, can predict the ability to incorporate reorientation cues when identifying uses. This study revealed highly significant, high correlations between reorientation and several creativity measures, and a correlation between reorientation and the predictability subscale of the NFC scale. A qualitative exploration of participants' responses reveals further metrics that may be relevant to assessing creativity in the AUT.

Effect of the Number of Pre-Utilization Functions on Functional Fixedness in Problem Solving

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Flavell ◽  
Allan Cooper ◽  
Robert H. Loiselle
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Functional Fixedness

Verbal behavior and problem solving.

1963 ◽  
pp. 164-184
Author(s):  
Tracy S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Verbal Behavior
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