Historical Traces of a General Measurement Theory in Psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion S. Aftanas ◽  
Joanna Solomon

A review of the historical measurement theory literature in psychology reveals a recurring focus on a physical rather than a psychological model of the measurement process, whereas the active measurement research literature points to an emphasis on elements of a psychological measurement process. On the basis of the relevant portions of these anomalous findings the authors outline parts of a general measurement structure for psychology that begins with an essential theoretical base. The review first explores a century-old statement that developed a promising starting point within test development. This is followed by a diversionary statement based on physical measurement that mandated discussions of measurement in psychology to a physical model. The statement appeared to be countered by the theory of scale types ( Stevens, 1946 ), which provided a promising element of the psychological measurement process. The legacy of the theory of scales, however, resulted in confusion and inconsistency about the specifics of psychological measurement. After reviewing some of the contributions in the research literature, a conciliation of the positive theory efforts of the past and the protocols for a measurement process are presented that is based upon the standard system of measurement ( Aftanas, 1988 , 2006 ) as the basic theoretically necessary element of measurement. The theoretical framework based on the standard system promises not only to integrate the components of measurement, and categories of psychological measurement that have been referenced in the past, but also to provide an easily assimilated protocol that can serve as a basis for future research and pedagogical exposition.

Libri ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Stranger-Johannessen

AbstractCommunity libraries in Africa are growing in number, and are increasingly subject to academic research. The literature on community libraries spans 30 years, and this review shows how there has been a shift from conceptual to empirical publications. The early, conceptual literature stressed that community libraries should be by and for the community, support development, actively reach out, and provide relevant materials. These publications can to some extent be seen as reactions to the colonial legacy that national library services carried on after independence. The empirical research was analyzed using Kuhlthau’s (1999) framework for school libraries as a starting point. The major function of this framework is to provide a meta-analysis of the research, and further to relate this meta-analysis to the larger context in which this research is situated. The empirical literature reported mainly on student use. Much of the literature addressed lower-level issues, skills and outcomes, such as materials offered or borrowed, increased reading, and change in attitudes. However, limited attention was given to utilisation as an outcome. Attempts to find a causal relationship between library use and improved grades have been inconclusive. A major limitation of this framework is that it does not address the community aspect of these libraries that the empirical literature emphasized. This dual aspect of community libraries merits further exploration, and there is a need to develop theoretical frameworks that fit better with the realities of African communities and their libraries. There is also need for more research comparing community libraries across countries as well as within countries. The scholarly significance of this study is that is provides a comprehensive, critical review of the literature on community libraries in Africa and identifies caveats in the research literature. This will support future research on community libraries in Africa, an under-researched area.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Huang ◽  
Mi Zhou

In the past three decades, the field of sanitation has attracted much academic attention, and a large volume of relevant research results have emerged. In order to explore the characteristics and trends of global sanitation research literature, this paper presents a bibliometric analysis of 9559 articles published between 1990–2019 and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database. With the rapid increase in the number of related publications, both the breadth and depth of sanitation studies have increased significantly in the 21st century. In terms of multiple criteria, the comprehensive research strength of developed countries is greater than that of developing countries. The field is highly interdisciplinary, meaning that collaborations between research institutions are increasing. Keyword clustering analysis shows that the main research topics in the domain of sanitation are: (a) drinking water; (b) sustainability; (c) biofilm; (d) epidemiology; and (e) WaSH (i.e. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene). Meanwhile, keyword bursts analysis showed that the new research hotspots and frontiers mainly concentrated on: (a) sustainable development of sanitation services adapting to climate change; (b) main determinants affecting child malnutrition; (c) research based on global and multinational data; and (d) evaluations on various aspects of performance. This paper provides a better understanding of sanitation research trends that have emerged over the past 30 years, and can serve as a reference for future research.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kedar Dunakhe ◽  
Chetan Panse

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the topic “impact of digital marketing” over the span of past eight years, published in various prominent research journals in the past eight years. The purpose of this paper is to act as a starting point for several further researches in this area of study, and also to get the overview of the research that has happened and understand the relevant research gaps that exist in the area of digital marketing. Design/methodology/approach Scopus database is used to search the research publications on the selected topic. The papers selected for this paper have been published in the past eight years (2012–2020). Findings It has been concluded by many of the research papers reviewed that “Digital Marketing Efforts” influence the purchase intention of the customer. It can be also inferred that the distinction between the “marketing” and “digital marketing” is soon fading as every type of marketing effort will have an element of “digital marketing” in it. Research limitations/implications The approach to the review is theoretical and no primary data have been collected. This bibliometric review is expected to provide overview of the research that has happened over the span of past eight years in the area of digital marketing. Practical implications Many of the papers have expressed the limitations and opportunities for the future research. Few of the prominent and relevant research gaps are listed in this paper. This paper is expected to lay a foundation for several further studies in this area of study. Originality/value The paper is original in terms of reviewing the literature published on the topic, “impact of digital marketing”, between years 2012 to 2020. As the world has been forced to go digital due to COVID-19 outbreak, it has become all the more significant to take an account of developments in the field of “digital marketing”.


Author(s):  
Maurice L. McCullough ◽  
Michael J. Clarke

For the past 40 years, experiments have been underway to establish equal-sensation contours throughout the frequency range of vibration normally encountered in vehicular transport. Unfortunately, there has been little consistency in the results. This inconsistency is probably attributable to an almost exclusive reliance on methods which require subjects to rate vibration in semantic terms. During the last few years there has been an increasing awareness of the value of psychophysical techniques, and very recently an attempt was made to develop a ratio scale relating the objective and subjective magnitudes of vibration stimuli. The present paper argues that this attempt should form the starting point for future research. It also argues that fractionation and multiplication procedures are more appropriate than magnitude estimation procedures for developing ratio scales. Some preliminary data are presented to support this latter claim.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4923
Author(s):  
Daniela Maria Cretu ◽  
Felicia Morandau

In the context of international demands in recent decades to strengthen the commitment to inclusive policy and practices within education systems, teacher education has been challenged to find ways to prepare teachers capable of addressing the various needs of learners. The goal of this paper is to examine the research literature on initial teacher education for inclusive education (ITEIE) by using bibliometric analysis carried out on 440 documents indexed by Web of Science (WoS). The findings support the understanding of the ITEIE field regarding the evolution across time, the contributions in the field, the relevant journals, authors, and papers, the collaboration patterns. Although there has been a significant increase in the number of published works over the years, only a small number of countries and researchers have made significant contributions to the field. The analyses performed with VOSviewer software indicated poor collaboration among participating countries and authors. Several general topics have been addressed in the field over the past 25 years. There is a need to develop more cross-border research groups to ensure progress in the field. By mapping the emerging ITEIE research literature, this study can be a starting point for the development of new studies in the area.


JOGED ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Anter Asmorotedjo

Tari berjudul Bali Jawi, sebuah karya yang terinspirasi dari sebuah ritual tradisi Jawa yang sering disebut dengan sowan leluhur. Ritual tersebut sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat penganut paham spiritual Jawa atau yang sering disebut dengan kejawen. Ritual sowan leluhur dipercaya sebagai warisan para leluhur Nuswantara. Para pelaku spiritual Jawa percaya bahwa para leluhur selalu njampangi anak cucunya, maka ritual tersebut sebagai wujud bakti dan bukti memuliakan para leluhurnya. Salah satu situs yang sering dikunjungi untuk ritual tersebut adalah Watu Gilang di Kotagede yang merupakan singgasana raja peninggalan kerajaan Mataram. Dari ritual yang dilakukan, banyak nilai-nilai luhur yang terkandung di dalamnya. Tetapi di era modern saat ini ritual semacam itu sudah banyak ditinggalkan orang. Orang Jawa sendiri semakin menjauh bahkan tidak mengenal ritual semacam itu. Ironisnya ritual semacam itu dianggap sebagai tindakan yang menyesatkan. Padahal realitanya banyak ajaran kebaikan serta nilai-nilai keluhuran yang ada. Akibatnya orang Jawa semakin kehilangan jati dirinya sebagai manusia Jawa. Nilai-nilai luhur manusia Jawa semakin luntur dan banyak orang Jawa yang kehilangan identitasnya, Wong Jawa Ilang Jawane. Melihat realita yang terjadi terkait nilai-nilai luhur Jawa yang mulai luntur, didukung pengalaman empiris, serta proses refleksi diri memunculkan suatu energi untuk mengangkat persoalan tersebut dalam sebuah karya tari agar manusia Jawa kembali menjadi Jawa. Situs Watu Gilang sebagai tempat yang dijadikan sebagai titik awal penelitian artistik dalam penciptaan karya ini. Hasil riset di lapangan, informasi dari berbagai sumber, serta referensi dari literasi yang ditemukan dijadikan sebagai kekuatan karya Bali Jawi. Gagasan ditransformasikan ke dalam simbol-simbol ketubuhan, musik, properti, serta elemen pendukung lainnya. Simbol-simbol yang dihadirkan diharapkan mampu menginspirasi dalam upaya menghidupkan kembali nilai-nilai luhur manusia Jawa. Pencipta tari mencoba melihat kembali masa lalu yang dikaitkan dengan masa kini, sebagai bekal untuk membaca dan melihat masa depan. Nilai-nilai luhur manusia Jawa kembali para ranahnya, dan menjadi gerbang awal menuju kejayaan Nuswantara. The dance Bali Jawi is inspired by a ritual from the Javanese culture that used to called sowan leluhur; it is a ritual where people do an ancestral pilgrimage. This ritual is often done by a Javanese spiritual person or in Javanese culture called kejawen. The ancestral pilgrimage, sowan leluhur ritual is believed as a Nuswantara heritage. The Javanese spiritual person believes that their ancestors are always njampangi; a term in Javanese means „keep watching from a distance‟ their posterity. So, this ritual is often believed as a devotional form to the ancestors. One of the site that often be visited for this ritual is Watu Gilang at Kotagede that was the throne of a king of Mataram Kingdom. There are a lot of honorable values of Java in this ritual. In the other hand, this kind of ritual has been forgotten in this modern era. Javanese people tend to make a distance from this kind of ritual. Ironically, they also tend to consider this kind of ritual as a misguiding doctrine while the fact is there are so many values of kindness included in it. This reality, ironically, make the Javanese people lost their Javanese identity. The honorable values as a Javanese human faded day by day and most of them get lost; it is called “Wong Jawa Ilang Jawane”. Witnessing this reality that the Javanese honorable values begin to be faded, supported by empirical experiences, and also self-reflection brings out energy to raise this issue into a dance work. The Watu Gilang site is the starting point of the artistic research in this dance work creation. The result of the field research, literature research, and information gathered from various resources are processed to be a power from the dance Bali Jawi. The ideas are transformed into bodily symbols, music, dance properties, and other supporting elements. Every symbol presented on this dance are expected to tell the meaning and core values of the dance itself so Bali Jawi could be a meaningful yet high-quality that has honorable values of Java. The dance work is as well expected to inspire people in order to revive Javanese human honorable values. The choreographer is trying to look back to the past and connect it with the present time, as a provision to understand and forecast the future. The honorable values of Javanese human are back to its realm and become the initial gate into the glory of Nuswantara.


JOGED ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Anter Asmorotedjo

Tari berjudul Bali Jawi, sebuah karya yang terinspirasi dari sebuah ritual tradisi Jawa yang sering disebut dengan sowan leluhur. Ritual tersebut sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat penganut paham spiritual Jawa atau yang sering disebut dengan kejawen. Ritual sowan leluhur dipercaya sebagai warisan para leluhur Nuswantara. Para pelaku spiritual Jawa percaya bahwa para leluhur selalu njampangi anak cucunya, maka ritual tersebut sebagai wujud bakti dan bukti memuliakan para leluhurnya. Salah satu situs yang sering dikunjungi untuk ritual tersebut adalah Watu Gilang di Kotagede yang merupakan singgasana raja peninggalan kerajaan Mataram. Dari ritual yang dilakukan, banyak nilai-nilai luhur yang terkandung di dalamnya. Tetapi di era modern saat ini ritual semacam itu sudah banyak ditinggalkan orang. Orang Jawa sendiri semakin menjauh bahkan tidak mengenal ritual semacam itu. Ironisnya ritual semacam itu dianggap sebagai tindakan yang menyesatkan. Padahal realitanya banyak ajaran kebaikan serta nilai-nilai keluhuran yang ada. Akibatnya orang Jawa semakin kehilangan jati dirinya sebagai manusia Jawa. Nilai-nilai luhur manusia Jawa semakin luntur dan banyak orang Jawa yang kehilangan identitasnya, Wong Jawa Ilang Jawane. Melihat realita yang terjadi terkait nilai-nilai luhur Jawa yang mulai luntur, didukung pengalaman empiris, serta proses refleksi diri memunculkan suatu energi untuk mengangkat persoalan tersebut dalam sebuah karya tari agar manusia Jawa kembali menjadi Jawa. Situs Watu Gilang sebagai tempat yang dijadikan sebagai titik awal penelitian artistik dalam penciptaan karya ini. Hasil riset di lapangan, informasi dari berbagai sumber, serta referensi dari literasi yang ditemukan dijadikan sebagai kekuatan karya Bali Jawi. Gagasan ditransformasikan ke dalam simbol-simbol ketubuhan, musik, properti, serta elemen pendukung lainnya. Simbol-simbol yang dihadirkan diharapkan mampu menginspirasi dalam upaya menghidupkan kembali nilai-nilai luhur manusia Jawa. Pencipta tari mencoba melihat kembali masa lalu yang dikaitkan dengan masa kini, sebagai bekal untuk membaca dan melihat masa depan. Nilai-nilai luhur manusia Jawa kembali para ranahnya, dan menjadi gerbang awal menuju kejayaan Nuswantara. The dance Bali Jawi is inspired by a ritual from the Javanese culture that used to called sowan leluhur; it is a ritual where people do an ancestral pilgrimage. This ritual is often done by a Javanese spiritual person or in Javanese culture called kejawen. The ancestral pilgrimage, sowan leluhur ritual is believed as a Nuswantara heritage. The Javanese spiritual person believes that their ancestors are always njampangi; a term in Javanese means „keep watching from a distance‟ their posterity. So, this ritual is often believed as a devotional form to the ancestors. One of the site that often be visited for this ritual is Watu Gilang at Kotagede that was the throne of a king of Mataram Kingdom. There are a lot of honorable values of Java in this ritual. In the other hand, this kind of ritual has been forgotten in this modern era. Javanese people tend to make a distance from this kind of ritual. Ironically, they also tend to consider this kind of ritual as a misguiding doctrine while the fact is there are so many values of kindness included in it. This reality, ironically, make the Javanese people lost their Javanese identity. The honorable values as a Javanese human faded day by day and most of them get lost; it is called “Wong Jawa Ilang Jawane”. Witnessing this reality that the Javanese honorable values begin to be faded, supported by empirical experiences, and also self-reflection brings out energy to raise this issue into a dance work. The Watu Gilang site is the starting point of the artistic research in this dance work creation. The result of the field research, literature research, and information gathered from various resources are processed to be a power from the dance Bali Jawi. The ideas are transformed into bodily symbols, music, dance properties, and other supporting elements. Every symbol presented on this dance are expected to tell the meaning and core values of the dance itself so Bali Jawi could be a meaningful yet high-quality that has honorable values of Java. The dance work is as well expected to inspire people in order to revive Javanese human honorable values. The choreographer is trying to look back to the past and connect it with the present time, as a provision to understand and forecast the future. The honorable values of Javanese human are back to its realm and become the initial gate into the glory of Nuswantara.


Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492097729
Author(s):  
Laurence Solkin

In reviewing the academic literature of the past 20 years on Journalism Education, this paper seeks to develop a thematic analysis of key debates and discourses. Based on a sample of over 300 separate published contributions (books, book chapters, journal articles and conference papers) this article explores more traditional debates, theory vs practice and profession vs craft, together with their development into the 21st century. This article also focuses on newer additions to the literature including proposals for new topics, such as entrepreneurship, new models or metaphors such as the idea of the teaching hospital, as well as issues which are emerging from the diversity of Journalism Education practices across the globe. The article concludes with some general recommendations regarding future research activity in this domain.


Author(s):  
Volker Scheid

This chapter explores the articulations that have emerged over the last half century between various types of holism, Chinese medicine and systems biology. Given the discipline’s historical attachments to a definition of ‘medicine’ that rather narrowly refers to biomedicine as developed in Europe and the US from the eighteenth century onwards, the medical humanities are not the most obvious starting point for such an inquiry. At the same time, they do offer one advantage over neighbouring disciplines like medical history, anthropology or science and technology studies for someone like myself, a clinician as well as a historian and anthropologist: their strong commitment to the objective of facilitating better medical practice. This promise furthermore links to the wider project of critique, which, in Max Horkheimer’s definition of the term, aims at change and emancipation in order ‘to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them’. If we take the critical medical humanities as explicitly affirming this shared objective and responsibility, extending the discipline’s traditional gaze is not a burden but becomes, in fact, an obligation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Maral Babapour Chafi

Designers engage in various activities, dealing with different materials and media to externalise and represent their form ideas. This paper presents a review of design research literature regarding externalisation activities in design process: sketching, building physical models and digital modelling. The aim has been to review research on the roles of media and representations in design processes, and highlight knowledge gaps and questions for future research.


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