Comparison Process at Retrieval (CPR): A memory theoretic account of relative judgment

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeni Fan ◽  
Rick P. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Relative Judgment ◽  
Comparison Process

Risk is a Value

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin P. Willems
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Relative Judgment ◽  
A Value

Data supported the assumption that persons tend to view themselves as moderately risky vis-a-vis their peers. Ss tended to ascribe positions to their peers that were equal to or more cautious than their own and participation in group discussion enhanced the probability of this relative judgment.

High-Resolution Facial Feature Saliency Mapping

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel D Haig
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Feature Saliency ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Computational Speed ◽  
The Individual

For recognition of a target there must be some form of comparison process between the image of that target and a stored representation of that target. In the case of faces there must be a very large number of such stored representations, yet human beings seem able to perform comparisons at phenomenal speed. It is possible that faces are memorised by fitting unusual features or combinations of features onto a bland prototypical face, and such a data-compression technique would help to explain our computational speed. If humans do indeed function in this fashion, it is necessary to ask just what are the features that distinguish one face from another, and also, what are the features that form the basic set of the prototypical face. The distributed apertures technique was further developed in an attempt to answer both questions. Four target faces, stored in an image-processing computer, were each divided up into 162 contiguous squares that could be displayed in their correct positions in any combination of 24 or fewer squares. Each observer was required to judge which of the four target faces was displayed during a 1 s presentation, and the proportion of correct responses for each individual square was computed. The resultant response distributions, displayed as brightness maps, give a vivid impression of the relative saliency of each feature square, both for the individual targets and for all of them combined. The results, while broadly confirming previous work, contain some very interesting and surprising details about the differences between the target faces.

scholarly journals Contrast-modulated noise shows an adaptable, rectifying, contrast-comparison process ("Buffy adaptation")

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-971
Author(s):  
S. S. Wolfson ◽  
S. Pan ◽  
G. Wable ◽  
N. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Process

scholarly journals A memory facilitation effect due to the comparison process within self-choice

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Mariko ITOH ◽  
Saho AYABE-KANAMURA ◽  
Tadashi KIKUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Process ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Memory Facilitation

Approaches to Comparison and Their Influence on Social Comparison

2019 ◽  
pp. 430-442
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Markman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Computationally Intensive

Cognitive psychology identifies different assumptions about the mental representations that form the basis of theories of comparison. Each representation requires a different process to generate a comparison, and both the computational complexity and the output of the different processes differ. Spatial models require a low-complexity process but only reveal the distance between points representing individuals. Featural models are more intensive than spatial comparisons but provide access to particular commonalities and differences. Structural models are more computationally intensive but support a distinction between alignable and nonalignable differences. Social comparison theories make assumptions about how knowledge is represented, but they are rarely explicit about the type of comparison process that is likely to be involved. The merging of work on social comparison with more explicit cognitive science theories of comparison science has the potential to both identify gaps in the literature and expand our knowledge about how comparison operates in social settings. This chapter first discusses the concept of mental representation and then addresses spatial models of comparison, featured models of comparison, structural models of comparison, transformation models. The chapter concludes with a discussion of similarity models and social comparison.

Structural Alignment in Comparison: No Difference Without Similarity

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedre Gentner ◽  
Arthur B. Markman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Structural Alignment ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Structured Representations ◽  
Single Difference

Theories of similarity generally agree that the similarity of a pair increases with its commonalities and decreases with its differences. Recent research suggests that this comparison process involves an alignment of structured representations yielding commonalities, differences related to the commonalities, and differences unrelated to the commonalities. One counterintuitive prediction of this view is that it should be easier to find the differences between pairs of similar items than to find the differences between pairs of dissimilar items. This prediction is particularly strong for differences that are related to the commonalities. We tested this prediction in two experiments in which subjects listed a single difference for each of a number of word pairs. The results are consistent with the predictions of structural alignment. In light of these findings, we discuss the potential role of structural alignment in other cognitive processes that involve comparisons.

A Comparative Study on Seismic Reinforcement Test of Beijing Rural Brick Building

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 1951-1957
Author(s):  
Wei Yang ◽  
Man Sheng Wang ◽  
Er Yu Zhu ◽  
Yu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Concrete Columns ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Masonry Structure ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Steel Mesh ◽  
Mortar Strength ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity ◽  
Lateral Load Resistance

In terms of the characteristics of Beijing masonry Structure, the quasi-static test is performed to the rural single-storey brick structure in the study. There are four sets of test specimens discussed in the paper. The first and second specimens are the unreinforced wall with different mortar strength and used for reference purpose, the others are the specimens which are strengthened by using steel mesh mortar and reinforced concrete columns with ring beam respectively. The testing phenomena of all specimens are compared in the paper. Meanwhile, the three parameters of lateral load resistance，hysteretic curve and deformability capacity are concerned in comparison process. Moreover, the mechanism of resistance and energy dissipation capacity of both reinforcement methods are analyzed in the study, and then the steel mesh mortar will be a proper method to use in the Beijing rural brick building seismic reinforcement. The systematic analysis in the paper provides theory basis on the seismic reinforcement in the Beijing rural reconstruction.

Visual Short-term Memory Capacity for Simple and Complex Objects

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Luria ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
Alex Gotler ◽  
Pierre Jolicœur ◽  
Roberto Dell'Acqua
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Lower Capacity

Does the capacity of visual short-term memory (VSTM) depend on the complexity of the objects represented in memory? Although some previous findings indicated lower capacity for more complex stimuli, other results suggest that complexity effects arise during retrieval (due to errors in the comparison process with what is in memory) that is not related to storage limitations of VSTM, per se. We used ERPs to track neuronal activity specifically related to retention in VSTM by measuring the sustained posterior contralateral negativity during a change detection task (which required detecting if an item was changed between a memory and a test array). The sustained posterior contralateral negativity, during the retention interval, was larger for complex objects than for simple objects, suggesting that neurons mediating VSTM needed to work harder to maintain more complex objects. This, in turn, is consistent with the view that VSTM capacity depends on complexity.

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