Role of Perceptual Factors in Numerical Processing by Pigeons

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacky Emmerton
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Processing ◽  
Perceptual Factors

Comparative Analysis of Words and Pictures through Associations

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Lorand B. Szalay ◽  
Jean A. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
University Of Maryland ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
The University ◽  
Perceptual Factors ◽  
Analytic Potential

The investigations focused on a picture-stimulated continued association approach, its information value and analytic potential. Student groups ( N = 50), each composed of both sexes, were from the University of Maryland. The study involved a comparative analysis of associations produced to words and pictures. The results show that the two approaches are closely comparable but produced responses which were differently focused. While the word-stimulated responses were somewhat more generic, the picture-stimulated associations were more narrow and specific. All the measures developed previously in the context of word-stimulated associations were found to be equally applicable and informative with picture-stimulated associations as well. From a theoretical viewpoint, the investigations were informative in demonstrating the importance of perceptual semantic and affective-attitudinal factors in the association process. Corresponding words and pictures elicited closely similar response distributions with correlations in the range of .7. As the role of perceptual factors is obvious in picture-stimulated associations, the results of the study have distinct implications for association theory, underlining the importance of centrally mediated mechanisms in the process of elicitation.

Is there a role for extraretinal factors in the maintenance of stability in a structured environment?

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Chekaluk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
The World ◽  
Calibration Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Perceptual Factors

The calibration solution to the stability of the world despite eye movements depends, according to Bridgeman et al., upon a combination of three factors which presumably all need to operate to achieve the goal of stability. Although the authors admit (sect. 4.3, para. 5) that the relative contributions of retinal and extraretinal factors will depend on the particular viewing situation, Figure 5 (sect. 4.3) makes it clear in its representation that the role of perceptual factors is relatively minor compared to extraretinal ones. It is with this representation that this commentary wishes to take issue, believing that it occurs as a result of some assumptions about terminology that may be ambiguous, as well as some misconceptions about the circumstances in which there is a need for stability.

scholarly journals Central vs. peripheral determinants of sympathetic neural recruitment: insights from static handgrip exercise and postexercise circulatory occlusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (6) ◽  
pp. R1013-R1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark B. Badrov ◽  
T. Dylan Olver ◽  
J. Kevin Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Synaptic Delay ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Sympathetic Discharge ◽  
Perceptual Factors

Sympathetic outflow is modified during acute homeostatic stress through increased firing of low-threshold axons, recruitment of latent axons, and synaptic delay modifications. However, the role of central mechanisms versus peripheral reflex control over sympathetic recruitment remains unknown. Here, we examined sympathetic discharge patterns during fatiguing static handgrip (SHG) exercise and postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) to study the central vs. peripheral reflex elements of sympathetic neural coding. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; microneurography) was measured in six males (25 ± 3 yr) at baseline (3 min) and during 5 min of SHG exercise completed at 20% maximal voluntary contraction. Isolation of the peripheral metaboreflex component was achieved by PECO for 3 min. Action potential (AP) patterns were studied using wavelet-based methodology. Compared with baseline, total MSNA increased by minute 3 of SHG, remaining elevated throughout the duration of exercise and PECO (all P < 0.05). The AP content per burst increased above baseline by minute 4 of SHG (Δ4 ± 2), remaining elevated at minute 5 (Δ6 ± 4) and PECO (Δ4 ± 4; all P < 0.05). Similarly, total AP clusters increased by minute 4 of SHG (Δ5 ± 5) and remained elevated at minute 5 (Δ6 ± 3) and PECO (Δ7 ± 5; all P < 0.01), indicating recruitment of latent subpopulations. Finally, the AP cluster size-latency profile was shifted downward during minutes 4 (−32 ± 22 ms) and 5 (−49 ± 17 ms; both P < 0.05) of SHG but was not different than baseline during PECO ( P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that central perceptual factors play a specific role in the synaptic delay aspect of sympathetic discharge timing, whereas peripheral reflex mechanisms affect recruitment of latent axons.

scholarly journals Patterns and timing of glottalisation

Phonology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin Howe ◽  
Douglas Pulleyblank
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Modular Theory ◽  
Phonological Constraints ◽  
Perceptual Factors

Through an investigation of glottalisation in several languages of North America, this article examines the role of perception in the grammatical distribution of segments. Specifically, we consider the hypothesis that perceptual factors on the timing of glottalisation in consonants determine the arrangement of such consonants phonologically. Our conclusion is in the negative. In the cases we study, the distribution of glottalisation appears to be governed by syllable structure, not by glottal timing. We interpret the patterns presented as evidence for a modular theory of phonetics and phonology rather than a theory where properties of articulator timing are directly referenced by phonological constraints. Patterns of glottalisation result from the interaction of phonological submodules that are largely independent of each other, though properties of particular modules may be influenced by phonetic factors.

scholarly journals Uncanny sums and products may prompt “wise choices”: Semantic misalignment and numerical judgments

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-139
Author(s):  
Ethan C. Brown ◽  
Michèle M. M. Mazzocco ◽  
Luke F. Rinne ◽  
Noah S. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Context ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Verification Task ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Numerical Processing ◽  
Target Digit ◽  
Facilitative Role ◽  
Subsequent Target ◽  
Digit Pair

Automatized arithmetic can interfere with numerical judgments, and semantic misalignment may diminish this interference. We gave 92 adults two numerical priming tasks that involved semantic misalignment. We found that misalignment either facilitated or reversed arithmetic interference effects, depending on misalignment type. On our number matching task, digit pairs (as primes for sums) appeared with nouns that were either categorically aligned and concrete (e.g., pigs, goats), categorically misaligned and concrete (e.g., eels, webs), or categorically misaligned concrete and intangible (e.g., goats, tactics). Next, participants were asked whether a target digit matched either member of the previously presented digit pair. Participants were slower to reject sum vs. neutral targets on aligned/concrete and misaligned/concrete trials, but unexpectedly slower to reject neutral versus sum targets on misaligned/concrete-intangible trials. Our sentence verification task also elicited unexpected facilitation effects. Participants read a cue sentence that contained two digits, then evaluated whether a subsequent target statement was true or false. When target statements included the product of the two preceding digits, this inhibited accepting correct targets and facilitated rejecting incorrect targets, although only when semantic context did not support arithmetic. These novel findings identify a potentially facilitative role of arithmetic in semantically misaligned contexts and highlight the complex role of contextual factors in numerical processing.

scholarly journals Executive Functioning: Assessing the Role of Perceived Paranormal Ability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Graham Drinkwater ◽  
Neil Dagnall ◽  
Andrew Denovan ◽  
Andrew Parker ◽  
Álex Escolà-Gascón
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ability Group ◽  
Paranormal Belief ◽  
Ability Groups ◽  
Group A ◽  
Perceptual Factors

This study examined whether scores on self-report measures of executive functions varied in accordance with level of self-professed paranormal ability. The investigators compared three groups varying in attribution of paranormal facilities: practitioners (Mediums, Psychics, Spiritualists and Fortune-Tellers), self-professed ability and no ability. Consistent with recent research on cognitive-perceptual factors allied to delusional formation and thinking style, the researchers anticipated that practitioners would score higher on paranormal belief and self-reported executive function disruption. Correspondingly, the investigators also hypothesised that the self-professed ability group would demonstrate greater belief in the paranormal and higher levels of executive function disruption than the no ability group. A sample of 499 (219 males, 279 females) respondents completed the measures online. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) found a large effect size, alongside significant differences on all variables apart from Cognitive Reappraisal. Pairwise comparisons indicated that Paranormal Belief increased as a function of level of ability; practitioners scored higher than self-professed, who in turn scored higher than the no ability group. For executive functioning, significant differences emerged only for the no ability vs. self-professed ability and no ability vs. practising groups. Collectively, outcomes indicated that perception of ability, regardless of intensity of paranormal conviction, influenced subjective appraisal of executive functions. Failure to find consistent differences between practitioner and self-professed ability groups suggested that discernment of ability was sufficient to heighten awareness of executive functioning disruptions.

scholarly journals Exploring Mondrian Compositions in Three-Dimensional Space

Leonardo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Jasmina Stevanov ◽  
Johannes M. Zanker
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Standards Of Beauty ◽  
Perceptual Factors ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The dogmatic nature of Piet Mondrian’s neoplasticism manifesto initiated a discourse about translating aesthetic ideals from paintings to 3D structures. Mondrian rarely ventured into architectural design, and his unique interior design of “Salon de Madame B … à Dresden” was not executed. The authors discuss physical constraints and perceptual factors that conflict with neoplastic ideals. Using physical and virtual models of the salon, the authors demonstrate challenges with perspective projections and show how such distortions could be minimized in a cylinder. The paradoxical percept elicited by a “reverspective” Mondrian-like space further highlights the essential role of perceptual processes in reaching neoplastic standards of beauty.

Syntagmatic distinctness in consonant deletion

Phonology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Hélène Côté
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Analysis Of Similarity ◽  
Adjacent Segments ◽  
Perceptual Factors

This article examines the role of distinctness between adjacent segments in consonant deletion. On the basis of five stop-deletion patterns, it establishes a correlation between the likelihood of cluster simplification and the level of similarity between the consonants in the cluster. This correlation is motivated on perceptual grounds, and an OT analysis of similarity avoidance is provided in which perceptual factors are integrated in the grammar through both faithfulness and markedness constraints. This perceptual approach improves in two ways on previous analyses, notably the OCP. First, it integrates similarity avoidance within a more general perception-based framework, which accounts naturally for its gradient nature. Second, it uncovers a distinction between absolute and contextual similarity avoidance between adjacent segments, depending on whether similarity avoidance is established without reference to the context in which the segments appear or relative to the quality of the perceptual cues available to the segments.

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