Negative Reinforcement with No Delay and No Shock-Frequency Reduction

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward T. Gardner ◽  
Paul Lewis ◽  
Larrie V. Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Frequency

scholarly journals NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AS SHOCK-FREQUENCY REDUCTION1

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Herrnstein ◽  
Phillip N. Hineline
Keyword(s):  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Frequency

Negative reinforcement of binge eating and vomiting in bulimics

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Smyth ◽  
S. A. Wonderlich ◽  
K. E. Heron ◽  
M. J. Sliwinski ◽  
R. D. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Negative Reinforcement

Positive and Negative Reinforcement of Alcohol Use Scales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Bin Cho ◽  
Jinni Su ◽  
Sally I-Chun Kuo ◽  
Kathleen K. Bucholz ◽  
Grace Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Negative Reinforcement

Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. MURPHY ◽  
A. MICHAEL ◽  
T. W. ROBBINS ◽  
B. J. SAHAKIAN
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Reversal Task ◽  
Depressed Patients

Background. Recent evidence suggests that an abnormal response to performance feedback may contribute to the wide-ranging neuropsychological deficits typically associated with depressive illness. The present research sought to determine whether the inability of depressed patients to utilize performance feedback advantageously is equally true for accurate and misleading feedback.Method. Patients with major depression and matched controls completed: (1) a visual discrimination and reversal task that featured intermittent and misleading negative feedback; and (2) feedback and no-feedback versions of a computerised test of spatial working memory. In the feedback version, negative feedback was accurate, highly informative, and could be used as a mnemonic aid.Results. On the Probability Reversal task, depressed patients were impaired in their ability to maintain response set in the face of misleading negative feedback as shown by their increased tendency to switch responding to the ‘incorrect’ stimulus following negative reinforcement, relative to that of controls. Patients' ability to acquire and reverse the necessary visual discrimination was unimpaired. On the Spatial Working Memory task, depressed patients made significantly more between-search errors than controls on the most difficult trials, but their ability to use negative feedback to facilitate performance remained intact.Conclusions. The present results suggest that feedback can have different effects in different contexts. Misleading, negative feedback appears to disrupt the performance of depressed patients, whereas negative but accurate feedback does not. These findings are considered in the context of recent studies on reinforcement systems and their associated neurobiological substrates.

Stimulated electromagnetic shock radiation (SESR) in frequency-dispersive media

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (17) ◽  
pp. 1499-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schneider ◽  
R. Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Stimulated Emission ◽  
Dispersive Media ◽  
Electron Trajectory ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Electromagnetic Shock ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Shock Frequency ◽  
Shock Fronts

The interaction in a frequency-dispersive medium of a coherent electromagnetic wave with an electron moving faster than a critical (Mach) speed produces electromagnetic radiation with novel characteristics. Theory predicts emission of intense radiation in the form of shock fronts at specific angles from the electron trajectory. The shock fronts are correlated with specific frequencies shifted significantly from that of the incident wave. We have named this effect stimulated electromagnetic shock radiation (SESR). The shock frequencies depend dynamically on the populations of the energy levels that give rise to the medium resonances. A given shock frequency changes from below to above the resonance frequency of the medium with which it is associated as the populations of the two energy levels corresponding to this resonance frequency change from an equilibrium distribution to an inverted one. This dynamic resonance crossing points to the possibility of new synergisms between SESR emission and stimulated emission between discrete levels.

Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Negative Reinforcement

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Maples ◽  
Phillip D. Tomporowski ◽  
Maury M. Haraway
Keyword(s):  
Test Trial ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Termination ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
The Difference

The study was designed to provide an empirical basis for Denny's account of negative reinforcement by showing that stimuli contiguously paired with shock termination can become conditioned elicitors of approach. 20 experimental Ss received 15 trials in which the onset of a 6-w light was paired with the termination of a 30-sec., 1-ma. scrambled shock, independently of Ss' behavior. 20 control Ss received an equivalent number of light and shock presentations, but these were unpaired. On a single test trial, S was exposed to a 6 w light in one arm (randomly selected) of a modified T-maze. 17 of 20 experimental Ss approached the light whereas only 11 of 20 control Ss approached the light. The difference between proportions was significant ( p = .05).

Negative Reinforcement–Based Treatment to Increase Food Intake

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B. Kitfield ◽  
Christopher J. Masalsky
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Increase Food Intake

Hearing Test for a Profoundly Retarded Human Subject

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Hearing Disability ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Cue ◽  
Hearing Test ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Low Functioning

A profoundly retarded 28-yr.-old female was trained to avoid an aversive but harmless shock to the foot by withdrawing the foot upon presentation of a visual cue. She was later unable to learn to avoid the shock consistently upon presentation of an auditory cue, confirming the ward staff's contention that she had a hearing disability. The audiometric technique using negative reinforcement bridges the problems of (1) difficulty in finding positive reinforcers for patients of low functioning and (2) satiation which may result from the continued use of positive reinforcers. The use of aversive stimuli raises ethical concerns. The growing trend in research is that aversive stimuli are permissible for individuals for whom positive techniques have not been effective and when used by trained professionals under careful review.

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