Brain Organization for Language: It's All in the Network(s)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Chiarello
Keyword(s):  
Brain Organization

Toward a neuroscope: An application of high-performance computing for real-time evaluation of brain function using MRI

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 922-923
Author(s):  
C. S. Potter ◽  
C. D. Gregory ◽  
H. D. Morris ◽  
Z.-P. Liang ◽  
P. C. Lauterbur
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
3D Anatomy

Over the past few years, several laboratories have demonstrated that changes in local neuronal activity associated with human brain function can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Using these methods, the effects of sensory and motor stimulation have been observed and cognitive studies have begun. These new methods promise to make possible even more rapid and extensive studies of brain organization and responses than those now in use, such as positron emission tomography.Human brain studies are enormously complex. Signal changes on the order of a few percent must be detected against the background of the complex 3D anatomy of the human brain. Today, most functional MR experiments are performed using several 2D slice images acquired at each time step or stimulation condition of the experimental protocol. It is generally believed that true 3D experiments must be performed for many cognitive experiments. To provide adequate resolution, this requires that data must be acquired faster and/or more efficiently to support 3D functional analysis.

Brain organization for language: It's all in the network(s)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Chiarello ◽  
Richard L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Brain Organization

Age development of cortical rhythmics in the EEG depending on the formation of the child’s personal psychical characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
A. V. Budkevich ◽  
L. B. Ivanov ◽  
G. R. Novikova ◽  
G. M. Dzhanumova
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mathematical Processing ◽  
Functional Brain Organization ◽  
Child's Brain ◽  
Attention Function ◽  
Apparently Healthy

According to the authors, rationing the age-related EEG parameters in children should be based on personal psychical characteristics. A comparative analysis of personal psychical characteristics and electroencephalographic data was carried out in 300 apparently healthy children aged 3-15 years. According to this principle, two subgroups of conditionally healthy children in each age group were singled out: 1) with an immature attention function and 2) with an increased anxious background that do not reach the pathological level. Registration and analysis of EEG was performed by the Neurokariograf computer complex (MBN, Moscow) using mathematical processing methods.The EEG interpretation was based on the principle of assessing the functional state of a child's brain using a three-component model according to: 1) wakefulness level and its dissociation, 2) severity of signs of the EEG neurotic pattern, 3) directionality of formation of traits of the system-functional brain organization (severity of signs functional hypofrontality).lt was found the presence of EEG signs was indicative of a lower level of wakefulness in children with an immature function of attention in all age groups, compared with the indicators of the average population of group and children with an increased background of anxiety. Children with an increased background of anxiety have a tendency to prevalence and excessive spatial synchronization of the alpha rhythm. ln healthy children, the fact of a decrease in wakefulness and the presence of signs of anxiety in the clinic and in EEG patterns indicates individual personalities and should not be considered as pathology.

Social cognition and brain organization in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Hopkins ◽  
Cheryl D. Stimpson ◽  
Chet C. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Cognition Sociale

Bonobos and chimpanzees are two closely relates species of the genus Pan, yet they exhibit marked differences in anatomy, behaviour and cognition. For this reason, comparative studies on social behaviour, cognition and brain organization between these two species provide important insights into evolutionary models of human origins. This chapter summarizes studies on socio-communicative competencies and social cognition in chimpanzees and bonobos from the authors’ laboratory in comparison to previous reports. Additionally, recent data on species differences and similarities in brain organization in grey matter volume and distribution is presented. Some preliminary findings on microstructural brain organization such as neuropil space and cellular distribution in key neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in social behaviour and cognition is presented. Though these studies are in their infancy, the findings point to potentially important differences in brain organization that may underlie bonobo and chimpanzees’ differences in social behaviour, communication and cognition. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont deux espèces du genus Pan prochement liées, néanmoins ils montrent des différences anatomiques, comportementales et cognitives marquées. Pour cette raison, les études comparatives sur le comportement social, la cognition et l’organisation corticale entre ces deux espèces fournissent des idées sur les modèles évolutionnaires des origines humaines. Dans ce chapitre, nous résumons des études sur les compétences socio-communicatives et la cognition sociale chez les chimpanzés et les bonobos de notre laboratoire en comparaison avec des rapports précédents. En plus, nous présentons des données récentes sur les différences et similarités d’organisation corticale du volume et distribution de la matière grise entre espèces. Nous présentons plus de résultats préliminaires sur l’organisation corticale microstructurale comme l’espace neuropile et la division cellulaire dans des neurotransmetteurs clés et les neuropeptides impliqués dans le comportement social et la cognition. Bien que ces études sont dans leur enfance, les résultats montrent des différences d’organisation corticale importantes qui sont à la base des différences de comportement social, la communication et la cognition entre les bonobos et les chimpanzés.

Why behavior should matter to linguists

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Charles Catania
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Behavior Analysis ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Structural Dimensions

Jackendoff's Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution has many points of similarity with Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, though the former emphasizes structure whereas the latter emphasizes function. The parallels are explored in the context of a selectionist account of behavior in general and of verbal behavior in particular. Part of the argument is that behavior drives evolution and therefore also drives brain organization. Another concerns itself with the nature of explanation. Recent experimental developments in behavior analysis are reviewed as potential contributions to an understanding of language that incorporates its functional as well as structural dimensions.

scholarly journals The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Diego R. Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Idoia Blanco-Luquin ◽  
Maite Mendioroz
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Fine Tune

Adult neurogenesis was one of the most important discoveries of the last century, helping us to better understand brain function. Researchers recently discovered that microglia play an important role in this process. However, various questions remain concerning where, at what stage, and what types of microglia participate. In this review, we demonstrate that certain pools of microglia are determinant cells in different phases of the generation of new neurons. This sheds light on how cells cooperate in order to fine tune brain organization. It also provides us with a better understanding of distinct neuronal pathologies.

scholarly journals The genetic architecture of structural left–right asymmetry of the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Sha ◽  
Dick Schijven ◽  
Amaia Carrion-Castillo ◽  
Marc Joliot ◽  
Bernard Mazoyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Brain Expression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Subcortical Volume

AbstractLeft–right hemispheric asymmetry is an important aspect of healthy brain organization for many functions including language, and it can be altered in cognitive and psychiatric disorders. No mechanism has yet been identified for establishing the human brain’s left–right axis. We performed multivariate genome-wide association scanning of cortical regional surface area and thickness asymmetries, and subcortical volume asymmetries, using data from 32,256 participants from the UK Biobank. There were 21 significant loci associated with different aspects of brain asymmetry, with functional enrichment involving microtubule-related genes and embryonic brain expression. These findings are consistent with a known role of the cytoskeleton in left–right axis determination in other organs of invertebrates and frogs. Genetic variants associated with brain asymmetry overlapped with those associated with autism, educational attainment and schizophrenia. Comparably large datasets will likely be required in future studies, to replicate and further clarify the associations of microtubule-related genes with variation in brain asymmetry, behavioural and psychiatric traits.

scholarly journals Effect of HAART on Brain Organization and Function in HIV-Negative Subjects

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Brier ◽  
Qian Wu ◽  
Aaron B. Tanenbaum ◽  
Elizabeth T. Westerhaus ◽  
Evan D. Kharasch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Organization ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hiv Negative
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