Cost-effective approaches to HIV and TB treatment and prevention

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Bendavid ◽  
Andrea Ciaranello
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Tb Treatment

7. Treatment and prevention dilemmas

2016 ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Alan Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Community Mobilization ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Current State ◽  
Safe Blood ◽  
Public Health Programmes

AIDS is still a major threat. ‘Treatment and prevention dilemmas’ shows that prevention and public health programmes are the most cost-effective way to health. HIV infection is preventable through biomedical strategies, such as ensuring safe blood and blood products by screening donors and testing donations; social interventions advising behaviour change, such as using condoms, having fewer partners, and practicing monogamy or abstinence; and—crucial to behaviour change—community mobilization and leadership. AIDS treatment developments are described along with the current state of antiretroviral therapy. Looking ahead, prevention remains the priority—while HIV infected people can live normal, productive lives, it is challenging and expensive.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for the Detection of Active β-lactamases

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Margaret Miller ◽  
Matthew Simmons ◽  
Callum David Silver ◽  
Thomas F. Krauss ◽  
Gavin Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to threaten the effective treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. The spread of resistant infections is accelerated by the lack of fast and cost-effective tests for...

scholarly journals Efektivitas Biaya Strategi DOTS Program Tuberkulosis antara Puskesmas dan Rumah Sakit Swasta Kota Depok

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fikrotul Ulya ◽  
Hasbullah Thabrany
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Public Health Centre ◽  
Is Success ◽  
Tb Treatment

AbstrakAngka penemuan Tuberkulosis (TB) tahun 2016 adalah sebesar 77% di dunia, sebesar 46,5% di Asia Tenggara dan sekitar32 - 33% di Indonesia. Di Kota Depok angka penemuan TB mencapai 58%. Sektor swasta menjangkau 18,7% kasus TB di KotaDepok meskipun baru 40% RS swasta yang terlibat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan strategiDOTS di Rumah Sakit swasta Kota Depok lebih menghemat biaya dibandingkan di Puskesmas. Penelitian dilakukan selama 6bulan dengan kohort retrospektif di Puskesmas DOTS, RS DOTS dan RS Non DOTS menggunakan 36 sampel per kelompok.Penghitungan dari perspektif societal dengan microcosting berdasarkan tarif, harga pasar, serta nilai anggaran. Outputnyaangka pengobatan lengkap (Success Rate). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Success Rate di puskesmas paling tinggi yaitu86,1%, RS DOTS sebesar 77.78 % dan Non DOTS 63.89 %. Penambahan biaya provider terutama tenaga pelaksana khususdi puskesmas dan RS DOTS meningkatkan success rate. Biaya societal di puskesmas 42% dari biaya di RS swasta. ACER(Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio) menunjukkan RS yang melaksanakan strategi DOTS lebih cost effective. Untuk menaikkan1% angka kesuksesan pengobatan membutuhkan biaya Rp 10.084.572 dengan melakukan intervensi program DOTS ke RSSwasta. Uji t independen menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna biaya societal pengobatan tuberkulosis antarapuskesmas, RS DOTS, dan RS Non DOTS. AbstractGlobal TB notification rate at 2016 was 77% and 46.5% in Southeast Asia. Indonesia last 5 years still remain at 32-33% where DepokCity reached 58%. In Depok City, private sector contributed 18.7% of the notified TB case in 2016 although only 40% of privatehospitals were involved. The aims of this study is to determine cost-effectiveness of DOTS strategy implementation at private hospitaland Public Health Centre (PHC). Comparative study carried out for six months with cohort retrospective between PHC, DOTS andNon DOTS hospitals using 36 samples per group. The calculation of the societal perspective with microcosting based on tariffs, marketprices and budget value. Output is Success Rate, where at PHC 86.1%, DOTS hospital 77.78% and Non DOTS hospital 63.89%.The addition cost providers especially person in charge at PHC and DOTS hospital increase success rate. The cost of TB treatmentin PHC 42% of private hospital. ACER (Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio) is obtained that the hospital which carry out the DOTSstrategy is cost effective. To increase 1% success rate of TB treatment costs Rp 10,084,572 with intervention DOTS programs into aprivate hospital. An Independen t test stated that cost-effectiveness societal perspectives on TB treatment has a significant differencebetween PHC, DOTS hospital and Non DOTS hospital .

scholarly journals Technological characteristics of processed and prophylactic processed cheese with a new phytospection “Ukrainska kukhnia”

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (93) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Yu. R. Hachak ◽  
V. O. Nagovska ◽  
B. V. Gutyj ◽  
O. R. Mykhaylytska ◽  
V. M. Koberniuk
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Processed Cheese ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
National University

An important task for food processing enterprises is the search, development and implementation of cost-effective, technically advanced and environmentally friendly technologies for the food industry. Recently, a promising direction in the production of food products – treatment and prevention products containing a variety of supplements, including and vegetable. Medicinal properties of food herbs are due to the presence of biologically active substances, including various vitamins, micro-, macronutrients and various enzymes. The purpose of the experiments was to study the optimal ratios of prescription components for the production of processed cheese “Ukrainian” with the use of vegetable spices, study the possibility and methods of using them in the production process of a new type of processed cheese in the enterprise, development of optimal doses of “Ukrainska kuchnia”. According to the research plan, the experiments were conducted in the central laboratory and production shops of Ivano-Frankivsk Dairy Plant, Department of Milk and Dairy Products Technology, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv. National species “Ukrainska kuchnia” was used for research. As evidenced by the results of the tasting evaluation of these prototypes, the best organoleptic evaluation was received by the recipe № 2 the composition of which provides (per 1000 kg of finished product): 373 kg of rennet Dutch cheese; 63.2 low-fat cheese; 30.6 cow's milk powder; 39.7 kg of peasant oil, salt solution of the ruler 102 kg; 107.2 kg of drinking water and 14.0 kg of spices “Ukrainska kuchnia” per 1000 kg of finished product. Additions to the recipe of the phytospection “Ukrainska kuchnia” led to a certain change in the organoleptics of the prototypes of the proposed salted processed cheese, of course with the acquisition of certain characteristics of the filler – spices “Ukrainska kuchnia”. All experimental samples of cheese were characterized by the same values of mass fraction of moisture – 51.7 % vs. 52 % in the prototype, salt content 2.8 % vs. 3.0 %, and the pH of experimental samples of processed cheese “Ukrainian” was respectively 5.6, which corresponds regulatory requirements. From the results of the tasting evaluation of the samples, all of them met the regulatory requirements and received quite high characteristics (28 and 29 points, respectively). In parallel, a microbiological evaluation of processed cheeses was performed. In evaluating the obtained data, both traditional products and prototypes had regulatory safety indicators. At the same time, no harmful and dangerous microflora was detected. Summarizing the above experimental data, it can be noted that the use as a recipe component for the production of processed cheese spice “Ukrainska kuchnia” based on processed cheese “Hostryi z pertsem” is appropriate, and the resulting product is biologically valuable, has proper product characteristics, safety indicators and expands the range of domestic dairy products for treatment and prevention.

scholarly journals Orthoses in diabetic foot treatment and prevention

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-541
Author(s):  
I V Klyushkin ◽  
K A Koreyba
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Elastic Material ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diabetic Foot Syndrome ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Orthopedic Shoes

Aim. To define the role of orthoses in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with diabetic foot syndrome. Methods. The review of the literature addressing the use of special orthopedic shoes in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with complicated diabetes mellitus was performed. Results. The common requirements for orthopedic shoes for patients with complicated diabetes mellitus are the following: (1) rigid sole with an artificial curvature; (2) boot-tree elevated by 8 mm due to arch supporter, adequate volume, wide sole, removable insole; (3) insole without functional memory; (4) thermally variable elastic material, advisably with silver ions, for the lining; (5) minimal number of sutures at the lining; (6) no elastic material at the front of the shoe and at the lining at the toes; (7) increased volume and enough space for the toes; (8) front slant of 15°; (9) potential ability to adjust the inner volume of the shoe; (10) hard counter - stabilizing hard back with additional softening at the lining side; (11) heel with a front slant or a solid sole without a heel; (12) smooth non-traumatic surface suitable for scrubbing including cleansing with antiseptics. The indications for orthopedic relief in patients with diabetic foot syndrome are explained. Economic superiority of organ-preserving approaches in such patients is shown. There is an opposition for conservative methods of treatment of patients with diabetic foot syndrome, nevertheless, an amputation can not be estimated as a positive treatment outcome in such patients. Almost 70-90% of ulcers in this group of patients are healed without amputation. Limb-saving treatment and the use of specially selected shoes are cheaper and more cost-effective compared to the limb loss. Conclusion. The use of orthopedic shoes in patients with diabetic foot syndrome is used both for treatment and rehabilitation. This technique can reduce the risk of ulceration and prevent organ-sparing surgeries.

scholarly journals Technology And Its Role In Supporting Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Era Dorihi Kale ◽  
Moses Pandin
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Adherence ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adherence Rate ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Selection Of

Compliance with TB treatment has now become a problem that must be handled seriously because the high non-adherence rate will give a bad contribution to the success of TB treatment, including MDR-TB and also morbidity and mortality. Many innovations have been made to improve TB treatment adherence, one of which is using mobile-based technology. This article aims to explore the effectiveness of the technology used to improve treatment adherence in TB patients: types, ways of working, advantages, and limitations of each application. This is a systematic review through searching 3 databases, namely Scopus, WoS, and Science Direct. Some of the advantages in applying technology to improve TB treatment adherence are easy to use if you understand how to operate tools/applications are cost-effective because they reduce transportation costs in reaching remote areas or in conditions of transportation difficulties such as after a disaster, the use of this technology provides patient satisfaction in treatment and facilitates the involvement of the family/support system in the treatment of patients. Several things must be considered (limitations) of the technology to be used, including experts, patient knowledge and skills, economic condition, electricity availability, and whether the technology used will not increase the burden on patients related to the stigma of TB disease. We can conclude that the use of technology is indeed very good in supporting the improvement of TB treatment adherence, but the selection of this application must pay attention to the characteristics of the population as well as the advantages and limitations of each application. Keywords: Technology, Adherence, Tuberculosis

scholarly journals Socioeconomic effects of pressure ulcer

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Jun-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Ulcer ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Pressure Ulcers ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Bony Prominence ◽  
Hospitalization Period ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden

A pressure ulcer is defined as localized ischemic skin or soft tissue damage resulting from disruption of the blood supply by pressure over the bony prominence. However, it is not just a wound that causes pain to individuals, but also a complex disease that causes socioeconomic losses. In 2019, total 30,983 patients with pressure ulcers were treated at medical institutions in Korea, and 76 billion Korean won (KRW) was spent on this treatment. Inpatient care cost amounted to 65.5 billion KRW, whereas outpatient care cost amounted to 9.8 billion KRW. The average hospitalization cost per patient was 6,696,605 KRW, and the average hospitalization period was 57.4 days, averaging 116,707 KRW per patient per day. The average outpatient care cost per patient was 421,134 KRW, and the average period in the clinic was 8.9 days, calculated at 47,428 KRW per day. The development of pressure ulcers inevitably causes socioeconomic losses and puts strain on limited medical resources; therefore, the best socioeconomic solution is prevention. Prevention has been shown to be much more efficient in cost-effective studies on treatment and prevention. Therefore, investment of more resources to prevent the development of pressure ulcers is the best solution to reduce the related socioeconomic burden.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of TB treatments to Burmese and Laotian patients by Thai hospitals on the border with Myanmar and Laos

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Onn Laingoen ◽  
Tawatchai Apidechkul ◽  
Panupong Upala ◽  
Ratipark Tamornpark ◽  
Chaleerat Foungnual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Retrospective Data Collection ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) treatment and care in two Thai hospitals located on the borders with Myanmar and Laos. Design/methodology/approach A retrospective data collection was conducted to analyze all costs relevant to TB treatment and care from Mae Sai and Chiang Sean Hospitals. The cost related to TB treatment and care and the number of successful TB treatment from January 1 to December 31, 2017 were used for the calculation. The cost-effectiveness ratio (C/E) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were the outcomes. Findings In 2017, the total cost of the TB treatment and care program at Mae Sai Hospital was 482,728.94 baht for 57 TB patients. The cast per treated case per year was 8,468.93 baht. The C/E was 10,971.11 baht per successful TB treatment (44 successful cases). The total cost of the TB treatment and care program at Chiang Sean Hospital was 330,578.73 baht for 39 TB patients. The cost per treated case per year was 8,476.38 baht. The C/E was 22,038.58 baht per successful TB treatment (15 successful cases). The ICER was 5,246.56 baht. The Mae Sai Hospital model was more cost-effective in terms of the treatment and care provided to Burmese patients with TB than the Chiang Sean Hospital model for Laotian patients with TB. Originality/value To improve the cost-effectiveness of TB treatment and care programs for foreign patients in hospitals located on the Thai border, focus should be placed on patient follow-up at the community or village level.

scholarly journals Bariatric surgery: an IDF statement for obese Type 2 diabetes

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 367-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Dixon ◽  
P Zimmet ◽  
KG Alberti ◽  
F Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Surgical Access ◽  
Severely Obese

The International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention of Diabetes convened a consensus working group of diabetologists, endocrinologists, surgeons and public health experts to review the appropriate role of surgery and other gastrointestinal interventions in the treatment and prevention of Type 2 diabetes. The specific goals were: to develop practical recommendations for clinicians on patient selection; to identify barriers to surgical access and suggest interventions for health policy changes that ensure equitable access to surgery when indicated; and to identify priorities for research. Bariatric surgery can significantly improve glycaemic control in severely obese patients with Type 2 diabetes. It is an effective, safe and cost-effective therapy for obese Type 2 diabetes. Surgery can be considered an appropriate treatment for people with Type 2 diabetes and obesity not achieving recommended treatment targets with medical therapies, especially in the presence of other major co-morbidities. The procedures must be performed within accepted guidelines and require appropriate multidisciplinary assessment for the procedure, comprehensive patient education and ongoing care, as well as safe and standardized surgical procedures. National guidelines for bariatric surgery need to be developed for people with Type 2 diabetes and a BMI of 35 kg/m² or more.

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