Awake Mental Replay Of Past Experiences Critical for Learning: Blocking it Stumps Memory-guided Decision-making in Rats - NIH-funded Study

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Past Experiences

A Value Focused Thinking Approach to Decommissioning Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Tung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Stakeholder Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Value Focused Thinking ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Stakeholder Acceptance

Abstract Values are what stakeholders regard to be important to decisions (Kruglanski & Higgins 2007). How stakeholder prioritize, rank, balance, and trade-off values can have significant influence on their reasoning and evaluation of decommissioning outcomes and decisions. Stakeholder values can vary depending on various factors including religious beliefs, personal interests, and past experiences (Lechner et al., 2017). Value-focused thinking is a decision science theory developed by Keeney (1992) which builds upon the concept of varying stakeholder values. Keeney (1992) argues that the best decision is one that best reflects the actual values of stakeholders. which suggests that the acceptability of decommissioning decisions (full removal, partial removal, leave in-situ, rigs-to-reefs, etc.) by stakeholders will vary depending on the values of stakeholder in that particular context. This paper explores the idea of value-focused thinking and derive implications for decommissioning decision-making. Overall, the research finding suggests that rather than basing a decommissioning decision solely on scientific evidence, there is also a need for the decommissioning decisions to be able to reflect the actual values of stakeholders in that particular context. The criteria and weightage of the adopted multi-criteria decision analysis tool, for example, should accurately represent the actual values of stakeholders, so as to enable the tool to produce outcomes and decisions that has a higher probability of stakeholder acceptance.

Dilemmas and paradoxes: how managers make the toughest decisions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Päivi Karhu ◽  
Paavo Ritala
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
Past Experiences

Purpose Managerial decisions ultimately determine the success or failure of a business strategy, and difficulties often arise when managers must decide how best to allocate scarce resources between activities. Adopting a cognitive framing perspective, this study aims to explore managers’ accounts of decision-making problems and how they solve them. Design/methodology/approach Interviews with 18 managers from the Austrian beverage industry were analysed to identify the kinds of decision-making problems they encounter and to understand how they solved those problems. Findings The participating managers perceived challenging decision-making problems as either a dilemma or a paradox. Dilemmas were resolved by committing entirely to one alternative or by focussing on one alternative at a time. In the case of paradoxes, managers looked for creative solutions, blending experimentation, humour and past experiences to create outside-the-box solutions that would simultaneously engage all alternatives. Originality/value This study provides empirical evidence of how managers frame challenging problems as dilemmas or paradoxes, and what types of coping mechanisms they use to identify and execute feasible solutions. While the current literature tends to emphasize the benefits of framing problems as paradoxes, the present findings also confirm the usefulness of dilemma-based solutions. A better understanding of these processes can help managers to make more thoughtful and better decisions.

scholarly journals Does the Experience of Caring for a Severely Disabled Relative Impact Advance Care Planning? A Qualitative Study of Caregivers of Disabled Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1594
Author(s):  
Fu-Ming Chiang ◽  
Jyh-Gang Hsieh ◽  
Sheng-Yu Fan ◽  
Ying-Wei Wang ◽  
Shu-Chen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Advance Care Planning ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Eol Care

The aging of the Taiwanese population has become a major issue. Previous research has focused on the burden and stress faced by caregivers, but has not explored how the experience of these caregivers influences decisions of advance care planning (ACP). Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify important themes. Five themes and fourteen sub-themes were identified: (1) Past experiences: patient wishes, professional recommendations, and expectation about disease progress; (2) Impact of care on family members: positive affirmation, open-minded life, social isolation and health effects, and financial and life planning effects; (3) Attitude toward life: not forcing to stay, and not becoming a burden, (4) Expected proxy dilemmas: torment between doing or not, seeing the extension of suffering and toil, and remorse and self-blame; (5) Expectation of end of life (EOL) care: caregiver’s experience and EOL care decisions, and practicality of EOL decision making. After making multiple medical decisions for their disabled relatives, caregivers are able to calmly face their own medical decisions, and “not becoming a burden” is their primary consideration. It’s suggested that implementation of shared decision-making on medical care for patients with chronic disability will not only improve the quality of their medical care but also reduce the development of remorse and guilty feelings of caregivers after making medical decisions.

The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and Political Life

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Verweij ◽  
Antonio Damasio
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Somatic Marker ◽  
Affect And Cognition ◽  
Somatic Marker Hypothesis ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Marker Hypothesis

The somatic marker hypothesis has not always been fully understood, or properly applied, in political science. The hypothesis was developed to explain the personally and socially harmful decision-making of neurological patients who appeared to have largely intact cognitive skills. It posits that affect (consisting of emotions, feelings, and drives) facilitates and expands cognition, is grounded in states of bodily physiology and on the processing of those states in the entire nervous system, and is shaped by a person’s past experiences in similar situations. Thus far, it has received empirical support from lesion studies, experiments based on the Iowa Gambling Task, and brain imaging studies. The somatic marker hypothesis is not compatible with key assumptions on which various influential political and social approaches are based. It disagrees with the largely cognitive view of decision-making presented in rational choice analysis. Contrary to behavioral public policy, the somatic marker hypothesis emphasizes the extent to which affect and cognition are integrated and mutually enabling. Finally, it differs from poststructuralist frameworks by highlighting the constraints that evolutionarily older bodily and neuronal networks impose on decision-making. Rather, the somatic marker hypothesis implies that political decision-making is socially constructed yet subject to constraints, is often sluggish but also is prone to wholesale, occasional reversals, takes place at both conscious and unconscious levels, and subserves dynamic, sociocultural homeostasis.

Collaborative design exploration in an interactive workspace

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Fruchter ◽  
Kushagra Saxena ◽  
Matt Breidenthal ◽  
Peter Demian
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Knowledge Reuse ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Corporate Memory ◽  
Sheer Size ◽  
Collaborative Exploration ◽  
Past Experiences

AbstractArchitecture, engineering, and construction team members, while collaborating on building projects, rely on past experiences and content through the use of project design archives (whether in paper or digital format). Underutilization of potential knowledge in the decision-making process of data, information, and knowledge reuse is limited by access to these archives, because of sheer size, decontextualized content, and inconvenient access and presentation. This paper presents an integrated solution called CoMem–iRoom that leverages two technologies Corporate Memory (CoMem) and interactive Room (iRoom) developed at Stanford. CoMem–iRoom addresses critical limitations (content, context, visualization, and interactivity) constraining the process of collaborative exploration toward knowledge reuse and decision making.

Obtaining public input for health-systems decision-making: Past experiences and future prospects

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Abelson ◽  
Pierre-Gerlier Forest ◽  
John Eyles ◽  
Patricia Smith ◽  
Elisabeth Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Public Input ◽  
Past Experiences

scholarly journals International Students’ Motivations and Decisions to do a PhD in Canada: Proposing a Three-Layer Push-Pull Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
You Zhang ◽  
Michael O'Shea ◽  
Leping Mou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Students ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Past Experiences

The study aims to explore which factors influence international students’ decision to pursue doctoral studies in Canada. Drawing on the push-pull model and the mechanism of educational decision making, this study uses semi-structured interviews to gather data and explores themes such as political and economic forces, institutional factors, social background and experience, and individual motivation in students’ decision making. Our study identifies multiple factors at the individual, institutional, and country levels that influence students’ decision making, including students’ past experiences, funding, faculty members, and immigration policies. Moreover, it finds that the factors vary by students’ regions of origin and disciplines of study. Our findings, focused on international doctoral students in Canada, add to the ongoing conversation about  student mobility and add nuances on international students’ decision-making process in times of shifting landscape of higher education internationalization.

scholarly journals Cardinal Virtues in Sport: Prudentia

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Pisk Jernej
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Cardinal Virtues ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Intellectual Capacity ◽  
Past Experiences

Abstract Cardinal virtues present one of the oldest anthropological theories and ethical systems in the western philosophical tradition. Among other great ancient philosophers, Plato talked about four main virtues: prudence (practical wisdom), justice, fortitude (courage), and temperance (moderation). As these virtues are not arbitrary, but instead correspond to some fundamental characteristics of human beings, they are not only useful for moral decision-making, but they also present an original anthropological theory. This paper focuses on the role of prudence in sports. Prudence has two aspects: it is a) cognitive, and b) decision-making. Perceptively it is turned toward reality, “imperatively” toward volition and action. As such, it is a fundamental virtue in sports practices. First of all, its role is in the cognition of the specific situations an athlete is in. In addition, it gives instructions as to how to respond to them. Prudence directed into the cognition of reality involves two main elements, namely memoria and docilitas. The role of memoria consists in developing and enriching special motor memory from past experiences, and so it is one of the goals of any practice of technical elements. Docilitas is the kind of open-mindedness which recognizes the true variety of things and situations to be experienced and does not cage itself in any presumption of deceptive knowledge. As such, it can be recognized in the concept of sports as “knowledge-gaining activity”. The other aspect of prudence is directed towards deciding what actions to take. With solertia, the athlete can swiftly, but with open eyes and clear-sighted vision, decide to do something good in a concrete situation. The second element is providentia (foresight), meaning the capacity to estimate with a sure instinct for the future whether or not a particular action will lead to the realization of a goal. This is demanded of all sports, especially competitive sports, where the deciding factor between top and average athletes is often not physical or technical abilities but the intellectual capacity (or tactics) to foresee what is going to happen on the field in the next few moments.

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