Producer Decision Making under Uncertainty: Role of Past Experiences and Question Framing

2018 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn T Tonsor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Past Experiences

scholarly journals Cardinal Virtues in Sport: Prudentia

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Pisk Jernej
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Cardinal Virtues ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Intellectual Capacity ◽  
Past Experiences

Abstract Cardinal virtues present one of the oldest anthropological theories and ethical systems in the western philosophical tradition. Among other great ancient philosophers, Plato talked about four main virtues: prudence (practical wisdom), justice, fortitude (courage), and temperance (moderation). As these virtues are not arbitrary, but instead correspond to some fundamental characteristics of human beings, they are not only useful for moral decision-making, but they also present an original anthropological theory. This paper focuses on the role of prudence in sports. Prudence has two aspects: it is a) cognitive, and b) decision-making. Perceptively it is turned toward reality, “imperatively” toward volition and action. As such, it is a fundamental virtue in sports practices. First of all, its role is in the cognition of the specific situations an athlete is in. In addition, it gives instructions as to how to respond to them. Prudence directed into the cognition of reality involves two main elements, namely memoria and docilitas. The role of memoria consists in developing and enriching special motor memory from past experiences, and so it is one of the goals of any practice of technical elements. Docilitas is the kind of open-mindedness which recognizes the true variety of things and situations to be experienced and does not cage itself in any presumption of deceptive knowledge. As such, it can be recognized in the concept of sports as “knowledge-gaining activity”. The other aspect of prudence is directed towards deciding what actions to take. With solertia, the athlete can swiftly, but with open eyes and clear-sighted vision, decide to do something good in a concrete situation. The second element is providentia (foresight), meaning the capacity to estimate with a sure instinct for the future whether or not a particular action will lead to the realization of a goal. This is demanded of all sports, especially competitive sports, where the deciding factor between top and average athletes is often not physical or technical abilities but the intellectual capacity (or tactics) to foresee what is going to happen on the field in the next few moments.

scholarly journals The Psychology of Risk Management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Vallée-Tourangeau ◽  
Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Human Risk ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Shed Light

A better understanding of how human factors may shape risk perception and risk-taking is key to improve investment performance. This chapter draws on research on the psychology of risk and decision-making under uncertainty to shed light on these issues. The first part focuses on the evaluation of risk and uncertainty. After outlining the different psychological concepts of uncertainty, we review the different factors influencing individuals’ subjective perception of risk as well as the heuristics they may use to gauge risk and uncertainty. The second part of this chapter focuses on the different factors influencing human risk-taking behaviour, ranging from attitudes to risk to the contexts in which risky decisions take place, and the role of emotions in risk-taking.

Role of the Hippocampus in Decision Making Under Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahaaeddin Attaallah ◽  
Pierre Petitet ◽  
Rhea Zambellas ◽  
Sarosh Irani ◽  
Sanjay G Manohar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Anton's Game: Deontological Decision Theory for an Iterated Decision Problem

Utilitas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
SETH LAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Decision Problem ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Moral Significance

How should deontologists approach decision-making under uncertainty, for an iterated decision problem? In this article I explore the shortcomings of a simple expected value approach, using a novel example to raise questions about attitudes to risk, the moral significance of tiny probabilities, the independent moral reasons against imposing risks, the morality of sunk costs, and the role of agent-relativity in iterated decision problems.

scholarly journals The Logic of Inference and Decision for Scientific Evidence

2021 ◽  
pp. 251-266
Author(s):  
Franco Taroni ◽  
Silvia Bozza ◽  
Alex Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
Preference Structures ◽  
Forensic Scientists

Uncertainty is an inevitable complication encountered by members of the judiciary who face inference and decision-making as core aspects of their daily activities. Inference, in this context, is mainly inductive and relates to the use of incomplete information, to reason about propositions of interest. Applied to scientific evidence, this means, for example, to reason about whether or not a person of interest is the source of a recovered evidential material and factfinders are required to make decisions about ultimate issues, for example, regarding a defendant’s guilt. The role of forensic scientists, whose duty is to help assess the probative value of scientific findings, is to offer to mandate authorities’ conclusions that are scientifically sound and logically defensible. This chapter lays out the fundamentals of inference and decision-making under uncertainty with regard to forensic evidence. The authors explicate explain the subjectivist version of Bayesianism and analyze the usefulness of the likelihood ratio in for measuring the degree to which the evidence discriminates between competing propositions in a trial. They also underscore emphasize the importance of decision analysis as a framework that forces helps decision-makers to formalize preference structures.

Weight of Evidence

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Dale A. Nance
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Degree ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Policy Choices

This chapter analyzes and operationalizes a concept of “weight” as denoting the relative degree to which evidence has been developed on the basis of which to determine disputed claims. This concept was coined by John Maynard Keynes and later applied in the context of judicial proof by a number of scholars. The author distinguishes weight from the degree to which evidence favors one side over the other, and then assays the different ways this concept of weight can be operationalized. He identifies the strengths and weaknesses of various theories, and advocates a conception of weight that emphasizes its connection to fundamental policy choices about the importance of accuracy in litigation and, perhaps, the allocation of the risk of error. He argues that a common failure to appreciate the differences between ordinary decision-making under uncertainty and formal adjudication is responsible for confusion about the role of weight in the latter.

scholarly journals Treatment decision making for adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia: Role of family history and past experiences

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-593.e3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Mackie ◽  
Lisa L. Tse ◽  
Sarah D. de Ferranti ◽  
Heather R. Ryan ◽  
Laurel K. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family History ◽  
Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Past Experiences

scholarly journals The role of anticipated regret in choosing for others

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Kumano ◽  
Antonia Hamilton ◽  
Bahador Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Anticipated Regret ◽  
Audience Effect ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
Decisions For Others

AbstractIn everyday life, people sometimes find themselves making decisions on behalf of others, taking risks on another’s behalf, accepting the responsibility for these choices and possibly suffering regret for what they could have done differently. Previous research has extensively studied how people deal with risk when making decisions for others or when being observed by others. Here, we asked whether making decisions for present others is affected by regret avoidance. We studied value-based decision making under uncertainty, manipulating both whether decisions benefited the participant or a partner (beneficiary effect) and whether the partner watched the participant’s choices (audience effect) and their factual and counterfactual outcomes. Computational behavioural analysis revealed that participants were less mindful of regret (and more strongly driven by bigger risks) when choosing for others vs for themselves. Conversely, they chose more conservatively (regarding both regret and risk) when being watched vs alone. The effects of beneficiary and audience on anticipated regret counteracted each other, suggesting that participants’ financial and reputational interests impacted the feeling of regret independently.

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