Estimation of Relative Area

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Pittenger ◽  
Steven B. Flynn ◽  
Tony Realini
Keyword(s):  
Relative Area

From Isovist to Spatial Perception: Wayfinding in Historic Quarter

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hung Chen ◽  
Ting-Ju Lin ◽  
Chih-Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Historical District ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
A Priori Analysis ◽  
Better Than

Based on the assumption that human behaviours are mainly affected by physical and animate environments, this empirical research takes the changeful and complex historical district in Tainan to observe wayfinding behaviours. An a priori analysis of the isovist fields is conducted to identify spatial characteristics. Three measures, the relative area, convexity, and circularity, are applied to scrutinize the possible stopping points, change of speed, and route choices. Accordingly, an experiment is carried out to observe spatial behaviours and different influences of social stimuli. Results show that social interactions afford groups and pairs to perform better than individual observers in wayfinding.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, MalaysiaKeywords: wayfinding; isovist; spatial perception and social stimuli; historic quarter

A model to predict the kinetics of mass loss in wood during thermo-vacuum modification

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottaviano Allegretti ◽  
Ignazia Cuccui ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Laerte Sorini
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Heat Power ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractMass loss (ML) of wood caused by thermal degradation is one of the most important features of the thermal treatments and referred to as an indicator of intensity and quality of the process. The ML is proportional to the quantity of the effective heat power exchanged during the treatment process, represented by the area of the temperature profile versus time during the process. In this paper a model for the ML prediction based on the relative area was discussed. The model proposed an analytical solution to take into account the non-linear trend of ML when plotted versus temperature and time as observed in isothermal experiments. The model was validated comparing calculated and measured final ML of samples treated during thermal modification tests with different temperature profiles. The results showed that the relative area calculated in a transformed time-temperature space improves the correlation with the measured ML.

The Distribution and economic Importance of Ixodes ricinus (L.) in Wales and the Welsh Border Counties with special Reference to N.W. Cardiganshire

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Owen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Nardus Stricta ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Ixodes ricinus is the common tick infesting farmstock in Wales. Dermacentor reticulatus is recorded on cattle and sheep on two farms in N. Cardiganshire.I. ricinus is widely distributed in the four major grassland zones of N.W. Cardiganshire. The most extensive areas of tick infestation are found on the marginal and hill farms. In lowland areas, except on extensive stretches of marshland, infested pastures are confined to isolated tracts of badly managed or poorly drained land. Infested grazings are invariably “rough” and contain one of the following plants as dominant: Festuca spp., Agrostis spp., Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Pteris aquilina or Juncus spp. The degree of infestation of cattle depends on the relative area of the available grazing land colonised by the tick. Continuous stocking of infested pastures results in heavy infestations and vice versa.Bovine piroplasmosis is the major tick-borne disease in N.W. Cardiganshire and predominates in the lowland districts. Outbreaks of the disease on marginal and hill farms are generally infrequent. Reasons are suggested for this phenomenon. Tick pyaemia is confined to lambs on hill grazings. The incidence of this disease is low.The distribution of the tick in Wales and the border counties of Hereford and Salop shows a general relationship to areas of rough grazing. The tick is widespread in the western counties and is almost absent in the border counties. Radnorshire and Breconshire are interesting in that they have few infested farms in relation to the extensive nature of the “rough” grazing. A survey has also been conducted of the incidence of bovine piroplasmosis in Wales.

SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS IN YOUNG MICE INDUCED BY HUMAN SALIVA ADMINISTRATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Kozlov ◽  
Vera Yu. Aleksandrova ◽  
Yulia V. Vasilyeva ◽  
Sergey P. Sapozhnikov ◽  
Pavel B. Karyshev
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Systemic Amyloidosis ◽  
Chronic Tonsillitis ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Congo Red Staining ◽  
Number Of Cells ◽  
Young Mice

The urgency of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it was proved in the experiment that intraperitoneal administration of human saliva to young mice causes the development of systemic amyloidosis, comparable to hereditary systemic amyloidosis in humans, induced by mutagenic changes in saliva lysozyme. The aim of the research: to test human saliva as an amyloidogen in a model experiment on young mice in comparison with the albumin model of amyloidosis that we developed earlier. White male mice weighing 20.0–25.0 g were divided into six groups: Intact mice (5); 30 days 1 time every other day were intraperitoneally administered to groups: 1 (5) soy cream substitute TU 9199-004-58706213-10 15 10 g/100 ml water 0.1 ml/10 g; 2 (3) saliva of a healthy person (SHP) 0.5 ml; 3 (3) SHP and Ciprofloxacin (C) 0.05 mg/10 g of weight; 4 (3) saliva of a person with chronic tonsillitis (remission, SCT); 5 (3) SCT+C. Kidney weight changed from 176.0±21 mg in intact mice (IM) to 197±43,0, 195,0±18,0, 195,0±18,0, 183,0±44,0, 153,0±25,0 mg, respectively. The number of cells per visual field of the tubular epithelium decreased by 1.3, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4 times from the number of cells per visual field in IM 380.0±84.0 (p = 0.00), glomerular cells – by 1.4, 1.1, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2 times from the number of glomerular cells in IM 34.0±11.0 (p = 0.02), in groups 1-5, respectively. The glomerular area decreased by 2.4, 2.7, 2.3, 2.4, 3.0 times from the average glomerular area in IM (3163.7±832.7 mm2, p = 0.0000). The relative area of amyloid lesion when stained with Congo red: 18.4±8.2% (group 1), 26,7±10,6, 35,0±11,9, 45,7±13,2, 63,6±14,0% (groups 1-5). The spleen mass and length increased from 133.0±16.0 mg (IM) by 1.7, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 1.7 times and from 17.0±2.0 mm (IM) by 1.2, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.2 times, the number of cells per visual field decreased from 1318±205 (IM) by 1.7, 2.0, 3.3, 2.1, 2.0 times, groups 1-5, respectively (p < 0.01). The relative area of amyloid lesion in Congo red staining: 11,4±9,4%, 28,2±16,0, 27,9±20,8, 20,9±12,2, 16,5±8,3% (groups 1-5). The liver mass changed from 1.4±0.15 g (IM) to 1,57±0,26, 1,45±0,18, 1,53±0,1, 1,71±0,3, 1,36±0,4 g, the number of cells per visual field decreased from 67.0±15.0 (IM) by 1.9, 1.4, 1.8, 2.5, 1.9 times, the area of hepatocyte nuclei – from 54.0±12.3 µm (IM) by 3.1, 3.6, 4.2, 3.1, 3.3 times (groups 1-5, respectively, p < 0.01). The relative area of amyloid lesion in Congo red staining: 6,8±4,6%, 15,3±11,0, 24,5±12,8, 9,8±8,5, 12,6±2,3% (groups 1-5). Conclusions: 1) human saliva when administered intraperitoneally causes severe systemic amyloidosis in young mice with damage to the liver, kidneys and the spleen, which manifests more by cytotoxic effect than the volume of amyloid deposition; 2) human saliva contains a more active amyloidogen than albumin in combination with fillers of the soy cream substitute formulation; 2) human saliva of a person with chronic tonsillitis in remission is more amyloidogenic than the saliva of a healthy person; 3) Ciprofloxacin, administered in a therapeutic dose during the amyloid model formation, moderately increases the severity of amyloid organ damage; 4) human saliva can be used to simulate amyloidosis in an experiment on young mice; 5) the liver may contain enzymatic systems that perform the function of amyloidoclasia.

scholarly journals Effects of gamma radiation and post-operative cisplatin injection on the incorporation of bone allografts in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
O.Ye. Vyrva ◽  
Ya.O. Holovina ◽  
N.O. Ashukina ◽  
R.V. Malyk ◽  
Z.M. Danyshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Bone Allograft ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Distal Metaphysis ◽  
Bone Allografts ◽  
Oncological Patients

Background. The reconstruction of long bone defects that occur after resection of tumors is a problem that requires constant study. Bone allografts are often used in this scenario. Unfortunately, while they are prepared, allografts partially lose their strength and osteoinductive properties; their survivability in oncological patients is only 40% after 10 years. This is why the search for superior allograft treatment methods and the study of allograft remodeling and incorporation in oncological patients, whose state has been affected by radiation or chemotherapy, is an area of interest. Purpose – study the structure of bone tissue in the distal metaphysis of a rat’s femur after bone allograft implantation (sterilized using gamma radiation or antibiotic saturation) and post-operative intraperitoneal cisplatin injection. Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed on 20 male white rats aged 5–6 months at the beginning of the experiment and weighed 365.8 ± 6.4g. All rats underwent a surgery that created a defect in the distal metaphysis of the femur which was filled with a bone allograft treated with gamma radiation (Control-1 and Experimental-1 groups) or saturated with an antibiotic (Control-2 and Experimental-2 groups). 14 days after allograft implantation, animals from the control groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 2.0–2.4 ml of 0.9% NaCl, while animals from the experimental groups received 2.5mg/kg of cisplatin. Histological analysis and histomorphometry were completed 30 days after the surgery. Results. 30 days after the operation, the smallest relative area of bone tissue (11.79%) was observed in rats from the Experimental-1 group, with gamma radiation treated allografts and post-operative intraperitoneal cisplatin injections. A somewhat higher value was found in the Experimental-2 group (antibiotic saturation + cisplatin) – 31.64%. In the control groups, (intraperitoneal injection 0.9% NaCl), the relative area of bone tissue was 16.7% (Control-1, gamma radiation treatment) and 58.09% (Control-2, antibiotic saturation). The relative area of fibrous tissue was the largest in the Experimental-1 group – 31.55% and the smallest in the Control-2 group – 12.79%. Conclusions. Allograft remodeling occurs along with the formation of bone and fibrous tissue when allografts are used to fill defects in the distal femoral metaphysis of rats, However, the relative percentages of those tissues depend on the allograft sterilization method and the use of cytostatic agents. The largest relative percentage of bone tissue (58.09%) was obtained using an allograft saturated with antibiotics and without the administration of cisplatin. The smallest (11.79%), on the other hand, occurred in gamma radiation treated allografts with cisplatin injected intraperitoneally after the operation

The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2016: a detailed cartographic representation of Swiss glacier extent and supraglacial debris-cover

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Linsbauer ◽  
Matthias Huss ◽  
Elias Hodel ◽  
Andreas Bauder ◽  
Mauro Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Glacier Inventory ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Debris Cover

&lt;p&gt;With increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and corresponding global warming, glaciers in Switzerland are shrinking rapidly as in many mountain ranges on Earth. Repeated glacier inventories are a key task to monitor such glacier changes and provide detailed information on the extent of glaciation, and important parameters such as area, elevation range, slope, aspect etc. for a given point or a period in time. Here we present the new Swiss Glacier Inventory (SGI2016) that has been acquired based on high-resolution aerial imagery and digital elevation models in cooperation with the Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo) and Glacier Monitoring in Switzerland (GLAMOS), bringing together topological and glaciological knowhow. We define the process, workflow and required glaciological adaptations to compile a highly accurate glacier inventory based on the digital Swiss topographic landscape model (swissTLM&lt;sup&gt;3D&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The SGI2016 provides glacier outlines (areas), supraglacial debris cover, ice divides and location points of all glaciers in Switzerland referring to the years 2013-2018, whereas most of the glacier outlines have been mapped based on aerial images acquired between 2015-2017 (75% in number and 87% in area), with the centre year 2016. The SGI2016 maps 1400 individual glacier entities with a total glacier surface area of 961 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (whereof 11% / 104 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; are debris-covered) and constitutes the so far most detailed cartographic representation of glacier extent in Switzerland. Analysing the dependencies between topographic parameters and debris-cover fraction on the basis of individual glaciers reveals that short glaciers with a moderate mean slope and glaciers with a low median elevation tend to have high debris fractions. A change assessment between the SGI1973 and SGI2016 based on individual glacier entities affirms the largest relative area changes for small glaciers and for low-elevation glaciers, whereas the largest glaciers show small relative area changes, though large absolute changes. The analysis further indicates a tendency for glaciers with a high share of supraglacial debris to show larger relative area changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Despite of an observed strong glacier volume loss between 2010 and 2016, the total glacier surface area of the SGI2016 is somewhat larger than reported in the last Swiss glacier inventory SGI2010. Even though both inventories were created based on swisstopo aerial photographs, the additional data, tools, resources and methodologies used by the professional cartographers digitizing glacier outlines in 3D for the SGI2016, are able to explain the counter-intuitive difference between SGI2010 and SGI2016. A direct comparison of these two datasets is thus not meaningful, but an experiment where a representative glacier sample of the SGI2010 was re-assessed based on the approaches of the SGI2016 led to an upscaled total glacier surface area of 1010 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for the Swiss Alps around 2010. This indicates an area loss of 49 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; between the two last Swiss glacier inventories. As swisstopo data products are and will be regularly updated, the SGI2016 is the first step towards a consistent and accurate data product of repeated glacier inventories in six-year time intervals that promises a high comparability for individual glaciers and glacier samples.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew on Pickling Cucumber in Michigan

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn E. Goldenhar ◽  
Mary K. Hausbeck
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pseudoperonospora Cubensis ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Disease Progress Curve ◽  
Cucurbit Downy Mildew ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Pickling Cucumber ◽  
Progress Curve

Michigan growers rely on fungicides to limit cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), incited by Pseudoperonospora cubensis; resistance of the pathogen to fungicides is a concern. We evaluated fungicides against CDM in Michigan field studies from 2015 to 2017. According to the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC), in 2015, mandipropamid, propamocarb, fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin, copper octanoate, and dimethomorph resulted in disease levels similar to the control. These treatments, along with cymoxanil, were similar to the control in 2016. Fungicides that were ineffective during 2015 and 2016 did not limit CDM in 2017. Famoxadone/cymoxanil and fluopicolide did not limit CDM in 2017. Each year, the following treatments were similar for disease based on rAUDPC data: oxathiapiprolin applied alone or premixed with chlorothalonil or mandipropamid, ametoctradin/dimethomorph, fluazinam, mancozeb/zoxamide, cyazofamid, and ethaboxam. An exception occurred in 2017, when ethaboxam was less effective than fluazinam, oxathiapiprolin/chlorothalonil, and oxathiapiprolin/mandipropamid. Mancozeb and chlorothalonil treatments were similar in 2015 and 2017, according to rAUDPC data. In 2017, yields were increased for oxathiapiprolin/chlorothalonil, oxathiapiprolin/mandipropamid, mancozeb, ametoctradin/dimethomorph, mancozeb/zoxamide, ethaboxam, cyazofamid, chlorothalonil, and fluazinam compared with the untreated control.

Process Dependence of Orientation of Ribbon-Like Aromatic Molecules in Glassy Carbon

1994 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Maleki ◽  
D. Ila ◽  
L. R. Holland ◽  
R. L. Zimmerman ◽  
G. M. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Spin Coating ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Surface Oxidation ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Trace Impurities ◽  
Aromatic Molecules ◽  
Raman Microprobe ◽  
Polymeric Carbon ◽  
Molded Sample

ABSTRACTFlat glassy polymeric carbon samples were prepared from phenolic resin by three techniques: spray coating, spin coating and molding. Cured at 110°C-180°C and pyrolyzed in argon at 600°C or at 1000°C, samples then were studied by RBS for trace impurities, by ESCA for surface oxidation and contamination and by Raman microprobe of the top surface and perpendicular to that for preferred orientation of aromatic ribbons. An increase of 13% to 24% in the relative area under the corresponding Raman peaks indicates increased orientation of the ribbon-like aromatic molecules in the sprayed and spin coated samples as compared with the molded sample.

Study of 4H-SiC Junction Barrier Schottky(JBS) Diode Using Various Junction Structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Hyun Kim ◽  
Ye Hwan Kang ◽  
Jung Hun Lee ◽  
Eun Sik Jung ◽  
In Ho Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Simulation

In this paper, to verify implant effect characteristics variation by stripe type, grid type and circle type, the P+ implant patterning was studied. The result of two-dimensional simulation was controlled by adjusting the relative area of Schottky and p–n junction dimensions of the device, which is easily implemented during the device layout design. 4H-SiC JBSs with three types have been successfully fabricated and breakdown voltage in the range of 1694–2051 V has been achieved. The results of fabricated JBSs, show that the stripe type JBSs combine the best features of the P+ implant patterns.

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