Special Focus Section: The Socialization of Young Males Into Aggressive and Violent Roles and Behavior: Expanding Notions of Masculinity

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le'Roy Reese
Keyword(s):  
Special Focus ◽  
Young Males ◽  
And Behavior

RETHINKING INNATENESS: A CONNECTIONIST PERSPECTIVE ON DEVELOPMENT.Jeffrey L. Elman, Elizabeth A. Bates, Mark H. Johnson, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Domenico Parisi, & Kim Plunkett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. Pp. xviii + 447. $45.00 cloth.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-451
Author(s):  
Nick Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Human Cortex ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Molecular Arrangement ◽  
And Behavior

In this provocative book, six coauthors, representing cognitive psychology, connectionism, neurobiology, and dynamical-systems theory, synthesize a new theoretical framework for cognitive development with special focus on language acquisition. In the Emergentist perspective, interactions occurring at all levels, from genes to environment, give rise to emergent forms and behavior. These outcomes may be highly constrained and universal, but they are not themselves directly contained in the genes in any domain-specific way. The human body contains perhaps 5 × 1028 bits of information in its molecular arrangement, but our genome contains only about 105 bits of information. Thus, we are over 20 orders of magnitude short of being mosaic organisms, where development is prespecified in the genes. Our development is under regulatory control, where precise pathways to adulthood reflect numerous interactions at the cellular level occurring throughout development. The human cortex is plastic, its architecture reflects experience; innate specification of synaptic connectivity in the cortex is highly unlikely. Theories of language must reflect this—they must be biologically, developmentally, and ecologically plausible. Linguistic representational nativism is just not tenable. It is so implausible that UG could be directly encoded in the genotype that we must explore the alternatives. So the answer is not “Nature.” Nor, as the authors so clearly argue, is it “Nature or Nuture.” Rather, it is “Nature and Nurture.”

scholarly journals Hormonal control of motivational circuitry orchestrates the transition to sexuality in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. eabg6926
Author(s):  
Stephen X. Zhang ◽  
Ethan H. Glantz ◽  
Lauren E. Miner ◽  
Dragana Rogulja ◽  
Michael A. Crickmore
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Neuronal Circuitry ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Circuit Elements ◽  
And Behavior

Newborns and hatchlings can perform incredibly sophisticated behaviors, but many animals abstain from sexual activity at the beginning of life. Hormonal changes have long been known to drive both physical and behavioral changes during adolescence, leading to the largely untested assumption that sexuality emerges from organizational changes to neuronal circuitry. We show that the transition to sexuality in male Drosophila is controlled by hormonal changes, but this regulation is functional rather than structural. In very young males, a broadly acting hormone directly inhibits the activity of three courtship-motivating circuit elements, ensuring the complete suppression of sexual motivation and behavior. Blocking or overriding these inhibitory mechanisms evokes immediate and robust sexual behavior from very young and otherwise asexual males. Similarities to mammalian adolescence suggest a general principle in which hormonal changes gate the transition to sexuality not by constructing new circuitry but by permitting activity in otherwise latent motivational circuit elements.

scholarly journals Forensic implications of rape

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Young Males ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior

Introduction. Rape is a sexual act of violence in which physical strength is used. Criminal law imposes strict punishments for such crimes as rape. Psycho-pathologically, rape is among the gravest of crimes, often associated with extremely deviated behavior. This article deals with the forensic aspects of sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2000-2004. We report about sexual assaults, personality of delinquents, motives and consequences of rape. Material and Methods. Two groups of violent offenders were compared in the study: perpetrators of rape (N=90), and perpetrators of other criminal offences (N=90-recidivists). The control group included young males (N=90). Results. The results of the study show a high level of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rape rate equals the level of homicide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rape offenders are mostly people with personal disorders (70%), but they also present with other illnesses and behavior disorders. Conclusion. The significance of rape as a violent crime has not been sufficiently studied. High incidence of violence and rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina is extremely disturbing. The most disturbing aspect is the increase of violence and failure to take certain measures. The role of psychiatry is to provide penal education, treatment and programs for elimination of consequences of rape. .

scholarly journals Structure, Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4160
Author(s):  
Joanna Skrzydeł ◽  
Dorota Borowska-Wykręt ◽  
Dorota Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Structure Assembly

This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.

First break psychosis in a young military veteran with cannabis use disorder: an educational case report

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Riess ◽  
Leo Sher
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Urine Toxicology ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Military Veteran ◽  
The Military

Abstract Psychotropic management of a first psychotic break is challenging for many psychiatrists. The literature shows that the use of cannabis is widespread in psychotic individuals. The literature also points to young males being most at risk for substance abuse. Studies also show that obstructive sleep apnea and the stress of the military lifestyle contribute to the development of psychosis. Here, we present a case study of a young non-combat veteran with a medical history of obstructive sleep apnea who presented to the Emergency Department of a Veteran’s Affairs hospital with symptoms consistent with a first psychotic break. On routine admission laboratory work, his urine toxicology screen was positive for cannabis. Given the widespread use of cannabis in individuals with psychosis, we suggest that it plays an important role in the regulation of psychosis and behavior.

scholarly journals Analysis of all Forensic Autopies at Sheikh Zaid Hospital from 2016 to 2020: A Retroscpective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1959-1962
Author(s):  
Fariha Tariq ◽  
Sumaira Sarwar ◽  
Khalid Mukhtar ◽  
Summyia Sadia ◽  
Shahid Nadeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
And Gender

Autopsy can lead to the cause of death most accurately in both natural as well as unnatural deaths. Purpose: To determine the pattern of deaths seen on autopsy in a tertiary care hospital and to determine the cause of deaths and manners of deaths with special focus of homicidal cases, seen on autopsies in the past few years. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methodology: Patients (n=186) were enrolled in present study held at Forensic department, Sheikh Zaid Hospital, Lahore-Pakistan. Data of 186 autopsy cases of 5 years from 2016 to 2020 was entered and analyzed. All the forensic autopsies done at the forensic department, irrespective of the age and gender were included in the study. Statistical analysis: Data analyzed by SPSS 22.0v. Results: Most of the patients were of age group 20 to 30 years. Males were 67% while females were 20% in present study. Among these 186 cases of autopsy, manner of death was homicidal in 43% (n=80) autopsies, accidental in 10% (n=19) and suicidal deaths was in 1.6% (n=3) while in 34% (n=64) autopsy cases cause of death cannot be determined. Conclusion: This study concluded that the cause of death couldn’t be determined in around 1/3rd autopsies; showing that steps should be taken to improve performance of forensic departments. As young males are mostly involved in criminal acts, illegal activities should be controlled with education and law enforcement. Key Words: Autopsy, Audit, Manner of Death and Cause of Death.

Marijuana and Alcohol Use during Early Adolescence: Gender Differences among American Indian/First Nations Youth

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1139-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Walls
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Young Males

This study examines the growth of alcohol and marijuana use during early adolescence among a sample of 746 Indigenous youth (aged 10–12 years at wave 1; 50.3% female) of the upper Midwest and Canada, with a special focus on potential gender differences in these patterns. Research documenting the disproportionately high rates of Indigenous substance use, coupled by our lack of understanding of gender patterns among this group—especially in very early adolescence—highlight the need for this culturally specific work. Results of latent growth curve analyses from three waves of annual data collection indicate that the females in our sample engage in alcohol and marijuana use at rates similar to or greater than their male peers. This finding counters conventional ideas of gender and substance use that place young males at elevated rates of use compared to females, and also adds to our understanding of gendered substance use patterns among Indigenous youth.

The Role of Knowledge in Forming Attitudes and Behavior Toward Green Purchase

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1937-1953
Author(s):  
Jong Ok Park ◽  
Sang-Hee Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Powerful Factor ◽  
Perceived Consumer Effectiveness ◽  
And Behavior

We explored the factors affecting green purchase behavior among South Korean consumers, with a special focus on the role of knowledge. A structural equations model was tested with 533 respondents and the results indicated that knowledge was a powerful factor to facilitate Korean consumers' green purchase behavior and that the roles of objective and subjective knowledge were different in shaping green purchase behavior. Subjective knowledge had a direct effect on green purchase behavior and also an indirect effect via green attitude and perceived consumer effectiveness, whereas objective knowledge had only an indirect effect on green purchasing via green attitude and perceived consumer effectiveness. The results indicate that knowledge is a powerful factor in facilitating green purchase behavior, and that ongoing education and publicity should be designed to increase subjective knowledge as well as objective knowledge to be effective for promoting consumers' green attitude and behavior.

scholarly journals Homicides among teenagers in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: vulnerability, susceptibility, and gender cultures

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1509-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rosária Sant'Anna ◽  
Marta Julia Marques Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Analytical Category

The authors present a quantitative and qualitative study on homicides among teenagers in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, based on a historical series during the 1990s and the life and death histories in this group, with a special focus on 1997. In that year there were 68 homicides in which the victims were from 10 to 19 years old. Of the 68, 62 were males and only 6 females, or a ratio of 10:1, showing that young males are more vulnerable and susceptible to being murdered. The data indicate that cause of death is influenced by gender culture and that homicides are based on power and status symbols characterizing a kind of virility. This expression of virility in the shaping of violence also appears in the domination of the female body observed in homicides with young women as the victims. The life and death histories of these teenagers highlight the pertinence of the gender-based analysis as a theoretical-analytical category, in addition to analyses considering socioeconomic aspects and social inequity.

How Homo economicus lost her mind and how we can revive her

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe target article by Boyer & Petersen (B&P) contributes a vital message: that people have folk economic theories that shape their thoughts and behavior in the marketplace. This message is all the more important because, in the history of economic thought, Homo economicus was increasingly stripped of mental capacities. Intuitive theories can help restore the mind of Homo economicus.

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