scholarly journals Neural vulnerability factors that increase risk for future weight gain.

2016 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Stice ◽  
Sonja Yokum
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Increase Risk

scholarly journals Reward Region Responsivity Predicts Future Weight Gain and Further Evidence that the TaqIA Allele Moderates these Predictive Effects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Stanley Burger
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Allele Status ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Dopamine Signaling

As no large prospective study has evaluated neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain we tested whether neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food and monetary reward predicted weight gain over 3-year follow-up in originally healthy-weight adolescents and whether relations were moderated by the TaqIA polymorphism, which affects dopamine signaling capacity. 153 adolescent humans completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms assessing response to these four events; body fat was assessed yearly over follow-up. Split half analyses indicated that elevated orbitofrontal cortex response to cues signaling impending milkshake receipt predicted future body fat gain (r = .32), which is a novel finding that provides support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity. Neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of monetary reward did not predict body fat gain, which has not been tested previously. Replicating an interaction reported previously (Stice et al., 2008a), elevated caudate response to milkshake receipt predicted future body fat gain for youth with a genetic propensity for greater dopamine signaling by virtue of possessing the TaqIA A2/A2 allele, but lower caudate response predicted body fat gain for youth with a genetic propensity for less dopamine signaling by virtue of possessing a TaqIA A1 allele, though this interaction was only marginal (pFWE = .06). Parental obesity, which correlated with TaqIA allele status (OR = 2.7), similarly moderated the predictive effects of caudate response to milkshake receipt to body fat gain, which is also a novel finding. The former interaction implies that too much or too little dopamine signaling capacity and reward region responsivity may increase risk for overeating, suggesting the possibility of qualitatively distinct reward surfeit and reward deficit pathways to obesity.

Fitness Level and Risk of Weight Gain in Middle-Age Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Tucker ◽  
Travis Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background:This study was conducted to determine if cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline, and changes in fitness, influence risk of weight gain (≥3 kg) over 20 months. Another aim was to ascertain if potential confounding factors, including age, education, strength training, energy intake, and weight, influence risk of weight gain.Methods:In a prospective study of 257 women, fitness (VO2max) was assessed using a graded, maximal treadmill test at baseline and follow-up. Energy intake was measured using 7-day, weighed food records. Subjects were divided into quartiles based on fitness. Risk ratios were used to show the risk of weight gain among those who were fit at baseline compared with their counterparts.Results:Most women gained weight and 23% gained ≥3 kg. Mean VO2max was 35.7 ± 7.2 mL·kg−1·min−1. Women with low-fitness at baseline had 3.18 times (95% CI: 1.46 to 6.93) greater risk, and moderately fit women had 2.24 times (95% CI: 1.04 to 4.82) greater risk of weight gain than women in the high-fitness quartile. Adjusting for potential confounders had little effect on results.Conclusions:High levels of fitness seem to help protect middle-aged women against weight gain, whereas low and moderate fitness increase risk of weight gain over time.

Predicting depression in women: the role of past and present vulnerability

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BIFULCO ◽  
G. W. BROWN ◽  
P. MORAN ◽  
C. BALL ◽  
C. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Population Sample ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Childhood Neglect ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Psychosocial Vulnerability ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Severe Life Events

Background. A prospective study, covering just over a 1-year period, sought to confirm an earlier finding that around 40% of women who experience a severe life event in the presence of two ongoing psychosocial vulnerability factors, (negative close relationships and low self-esteem) will develop a major depressive episode. Distal risk factors were examined to see if they improved prediction.Methods. A population sample of 105 mainly working-class mothers with vulnerability and without depression were interviewed three times over a 14-month period to date the occurrence of severe life events and onset of major depression. Degree of vulnerability was assessed at first contact together with distal risk in terms of childhood neglect/abuse and any earlier episodes of depression.Results. Thirty-seven per cent of these vulnerable women became depressed in the study period. The majority experienced a severe life event, and of these, 48% had onsets. Contrary to expectation, risk was only a little less among those with just one of the two vulnerability factors. Two-thirds of women with an onset had been depressed in previous years. Although this was associated with increased risk, the effect was greatest for those who had experienced an episode before age 20. A relationship between childhood neglect/abuse and onset was entirely accounted for by such early depression.Conclusion. An aetiological model of depression outlined in earlier research was confined with a new factor of teenage depression shown to increase risk of onset.

scholarly journals In search of the most reproducible neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain: analyses of data from six prospective studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Yokum ◽  
Ashley N Gearhardt ◽  
Eric Stice
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Fat Studies ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Food Images ◽  
High Calorie

Abstract We tested if we could replicate the main effect relations of elevated striatum and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) response to high-calorie food stimuli to weight gain reported in past papers in six prospective datasets that used similar functional MRI (fMRI) paradigms. Participants in Study 1 (N = 37; M (mean) age = 15.5), Study 2 (N = 160; M age = 15.3), Study 3 (N = 130; M age = 15.0), Study 4 (N = 175; M age = 14.3), Study 5 (N = 45; M age = 20.8) and Study 6 (N = 49; M age = 31.1) completed fMRI scans at the baseline and had their body mass index (BMI) and body fat (Studies 4 and 6 only) measured at the baseline and over follow-ups. Elevated striatal response to palatable food images predicted BMI gain in Studies 1 and 6 and body fat gain in Study 6. Lateral OFC activation did not predict weight gain in any of the six studies. The result provide limited support for the hypothesis that elevated reward region responsivity to palatable food images predicts weight gain. Factors that make replication difficult are discussed and potential solutions considered.

scholarly journals Effects of damaging hydrogeological events on people throughout 15 years in a Mediterranean region

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Aceto ◽  
A. Aurora Pasqua ◽  
Olga Petrucci
Keyword(s):  
Risk Awareness ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Event Identification ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Hydrological Hazards ◽  
Regional Newspapers ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Local Risk ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. Damaging Hydrogeological Events (DHE) are defined as rainy periods during which landslides and floods can damage people. The paper investigated the effects of DHE on people living in Calabria (southern Italy) in the period 2000–2014, using data coming from the systematic survey of regional newspapers. Data about fatalities, people injured and people involved (not killed neither hurt) were stored in the database named PEOPLE, made of three sections: (1) event identification, (2) victim-event interaction, (3) effects on people. The outcomes highlighted vulnerability factors related to gender and age: males were killed more frequently (75 %) than females (25 %), and fatalities were older (average age 49 years) than injured (40.1 years) and involved people (40.5 years). The average ages of females killed (67.5 years), injured (43.4 years) and involved (44.6 years) were higher than the same values assessed for males, maybe indicating that younger females tended to be more cautious than same-age males, while older females showed an intrinsic greater vulnerability. Involved people were younger than injured people and fatalities, perhaps because younger people show greater promptness to react in dangerous situations. In the study region, floods caused more fatalities (67.9 %), injured (55 %) and involved people (55.3 %) than landslides. Fatalities and injuries mainly occurred outdoor, especially along roads, and the most dangerous dynamic was to be dragged by flood, causing the majority of fatalities (71.4 %). These outcomes can be used to strengthen the strategies aimed at saving people, and to customise warning campaigns according to the local risk features and people's behaviour. The results can improve the understanding of the potential impacts of geo-hydrological hazards on the population and can increase risk awareness among both administrators and citizens.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document