scholarly journals Active exploration of faces in police lineups increases discrimination accuracy.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa F. Colloff ◽  
Heather D. Flowe ◽  
Harriet M. J. Smith ◽  
Travis M. Seale-Carlisle ◽  
Christian A. Meissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Active Exploration

scholarly journals Active exploration of faces in police lineups increases discrimination accuracy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Fay Colloff ◽  
Heather D Flowe ◽  
Harriet M J Smith ◽  
Travis Morgan Seale-Carlisle ◽  
Christian A. Meissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Science ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Race Bias ◽  
The World ◽  
Police Lineup ◽  
Lineup Procedure ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
Active Exploration

Eyewitness identifications play a key role in the justice system, but eyewitnesses make errors, often with profound consequences. Errors are more likely when the witness is of a different race to the suspect, due to a phenomenon called the Own Race Bias (ORB). ORB is characterized as an encoding-based deficit, but has been predominantly tested using static photographs of people facing the camera. We used findings from basic science and innovative technologies to develop and test whether a novel interactive lineup procedure, wherein witnesses can rotate and dynamically view the lineup faces from different angles, improves witness discrimination accuracy and attenuates the ORB, compared to the most widely used procedure in laboratories and police forces around the world—the static frontal-pose photo lineup. No novel procedure has previously been shown to improve witness discrimination accuracy. In Experiment 1, participants (N=220) identified own-race or other-race culprits from sequentially presented interactive lineups or static frontal-pose photo lineups. In Experiment 2, participants (N=8,507) identified own-race or other-race culprits from interactive lineups that were either presented sequentially, simultaneously wherein the faces could be moved independently, or simultaneously wherein the faces moved jointly into the same angle. Interactive lineups enhanced witnesses’ discriminability compared to static lineups, especially when they were presented simultaneously, for both own-race and other-race identifications. Our findings suggest that ORB is an encoding-based phenomenon, and exemplify how basic science can be used to address the important applied policy issue on how best to conduct a police lineup and reduce eyewitness errors.

Stimulus Ratio Effects on Speech Discrimination by Children and Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Adults And Children

This investigation examined the response strategies and discrimination accuracy of adults and children aged 5–10 as the ratio of same to different trials was varied across three conditions of a “change/no-change” discrimination task. The conditions varied as follows: (a) a ratio of one-third same to two-thirds different trials (33% same), (b) an equal ratio of same to different trials (50% same), and (c) a ratio of two-thirds same to one-third different trials (67% same). Stimuli were synthetic consonant-vowel syllables that changed along a place of articulation dimension by formant frequency transition. Results showed that all subjects changed their response strategies depending on the ratio of same-to-different trials. The most lax response pattern was observed for the 50% same condition, and the most conservative pattern was observed for the 67% same condition. Adult response patterns were most conservative across condition. Differences in discrimination accuracy as measured by P(C) were found, with the largest difference in the 5- to 6-year-old group and the smallest change in the adult group. These findings suggest that children’s response strategies, like those of adults, can be manipulated by changing the ratio of same-to-different trials. Furthermore, interpretation of sensitivity measures must be referenced to task variables such as the ratio of same-to-different trials.

Hearing words changes color perception: Facilitation of color discrimination by verbal and visual cues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Forder ◽  
Gary Lupyan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
The Moment

As part of learning some languages, people learn to name colors using categorical labels such as “red”, “yellow”, and “green”. Such labeling clearly facilitates communicating about colors, but does it also impact color perception? We demonstrate that simply hearing color words enhances categorical color perception, improving people’s accuracy in discriminating between simultaneously presented colors in an untimed task. Immediately after hearing a color word participants were better able to distinguish between colors from the named category and colors from nearby categories. Discrimination was also enhanced between typical and atypical category members. Verbal cues slightly decreased discrimination accuracy between two typical shades of the named color. In contrast to verbal cues, a preview of the target color, an arguably more informative cue, failed to yield any changes to discrimination accuracy. The finding that color words strongly affect color discrimination accuracy suggests that categorical color perception may be due to color representations being augmented in-the-moment by language.

Detection of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) by hyperspectral remote sensing. I. Effects of tillage and cover crop residue

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford H. Koger ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Lori M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Residue Systems

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of hyperspectral reflectance data collected with a hand-held spectroradiometer to discriminate soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory and weed-free soybean in conventional till and no-till plots containing rye, hairy vetch, or no cover crop residue. Pitted morningglory was in the cotyledon to six-leaf growth stage. Seven 50-nm spectral bands (one ultraviolet, two visible, four near-infrared) derived from each hyperspectral reflectance measurement were used as discrimination variables. Pitted morningglory plant size had more influence on discriminant capabilities than tillage or cover crop residue systems. Across all tillage and residue systems, discrimination accuracy was 71 to 95%, depending on the size of pitted morningglory plants at the time of data acquisition. The versatility of the seven 50-nm bands was tested by using a discriminant model developed for one experiment location to test discriminant capabilities for the other experiment, with discrimination accuracy across all tillage and residue systems of 55 to 73%, depending on pitted morningglory plant size.

scholarly journals Use of Multiple Bacteriophage-Based Structural Color Sensors to Improve Accuracy for Discrimination of Geographical Origins of Agricultural Products

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Daun Seol ◽  
Daeil Jang ◽  
Kyungjoon Cha ◽  
Jin-Woo Oh ◽  
Hoeil Chung
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
M13 Bacteriophage ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Color Sensor ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
Color Sensors ◽  
Unique Individual

A single M13 bacteriophage color sensor was previously utilized for discriminating the geographical origins of agricultural products (garlic, onion, and perilla). The resulting discrimination accuracy was acceptable, ranging from 88.6% to 94.0%. To improve the accuracy further, the use of three separate M13 bacteriophage color sensors containing different amino acid residues providing unique individual color changes (Wild sensor: glutamic acid (E)-glycine (G)-aspartic acid (D), WHW sensor: tryptophan (W)-histidine (H)-tryptophan (W), 4E sensor: four repeating glutamic acids (E)) was proposed. This study was driven by the possibility of enhancing sample discrimination by combining mutually characteristic and complimentary RGB signals obtained from each color sensor, which resulted from dissimilar interactions of sample odors with the employed color sensors. When each color sensor was used individually, the discrimination accuracy based on support vector machine (SVM) ranged from 91.8–94.0%, 88.6–90.3%, and 89.8–92.1% for garlic, onion, and perilla samples, respectively. Accuracy improved to 98.0%, 97.5%, and 97.1%, respectively, by integrating all of the RGB signals acquired from the three color sensors. Therefore, the proposed strategy was effective for improving sample discriminability. To further examine the dissimilar responses of each color sensor to odor molecules, typical odor components in the samples (allyl disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, and perillaldehyde) were measured using each color sensor, and differences in RGB signals were analyzed.

The Influence of the Psychophysical Assessment Paradigm on Pitch Discrimination for Adults (and a Pilot Sample of Children)

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110440
Author(s):  
Ashley G. Flagge ◽  
Lucile Puranen ◽  
Madhuri S. Mulekar
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Language And Literacy ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Pilot Sample ◽  
Pattern Of Performance

Pitch discrimination ability has been of research interest due to its potential relationship to language and literacy. However, assessment protocols for pitch discrimination have varied widely. Prior studies with both children and adults have produced conflicting performance findings across different pitch discrimination research paradigms, though they have consistently shown that discrimination accuracy is based on the psychophysical assessment method applied. In the present study, we examined pitch discrimination performance among convenience samples of 19 adult women and ten female children across six different adaptive psychophysical measurement conditions. We found pitch discrimination performance in both groups to be impacted by the measurement paradigm such that, while adults exhibited significantly better discrimination thresholds than did children, the pattern of performance across the six conditions was similar for both the adults and the children.

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