scholarly journals Examining the causes of memory strength variability: Recollection, attention failure, or encoding variability?

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1726-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Koen ◽  
Mariam Aly ◽  
Wei-Chun Wang ◽  
Andrew P. Yonelinas
Keyword(s):  
Memory Strength ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Strength Variability ◽  
Attention Failure

scholarly journals The unequal variance signal-detection model of recognition memory: Investigating the encoding variability hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1260
Author(s):  
Rory W Spanton ◽  
Christopher J Berry
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Strength Variance ◽  
Back Task

Despite the unequal variance signal-detection (UVSD) model’s prominence as a model of recognition memory, a psychological explanation for the unequal variance assumption has yet to be verified. According to the encoding variability hypothesis, old item memory strength variance (σo) is greater than that of new items because items are incremented by variable, rather than fixed, amounts of strength at encoding. Conditions that increase encoding variability should therefore result in greater estimates of σo. We conducted three experiments to test this prediction. In Experiment 1, encoding variability was manipulated by presenting items for a fixed or variable (normally distributed) duration at study. In Experiment 2, we used an attentional manipulation whereby participants studied items while performing an auditory one-back task in which distractors were presented at fixed or variable intervals. In Experiment 3, participants studied stimuli with either high or low variance in word frequency. Across experiments, estimates of σo were unaffected by our attempts to manipulate encoding variability, even though the manipulations weakly affected subsequent recognition. Instead, estimates of σo tended to be positively correlated with estimates of the mean difference in strength between new and studied items ( d), as might be expected if σo generally scales with d. Our results show that it is surprisingly hard to successfully manipulate encoding variability, and they provide a signpost for others seeking to test the encoding variability hypothesis.

Influence of Yield Strength Variability over Cross-Section to Steel Beam Load-Carrying Capacity

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kala ◽  
Z. Kala
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Strength Variability ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Hot Rolled Steel

Authors of article analysed influence of variability of yield strength over cross-section of hot rolled steel member to its load-carrying capacity. In calculation models, the yield strength is usually taken as constant. But yield strength of a steel hot-rolled beam is generally a random quantity. Not only the whole beam but also its parts have slightly different material characteristics. According to the results of more accurate measurements, the statistical characteristics of the material taken from various cross-section points (e.g. from a web and a flange) are, however, more or less different. This variation is described by one dimensional random field. The load-carrying capacity of the beam IPE300 under bending moment at its ends with the lateral buckling influence included is analysed, nondimensional slenderness according to EC3 is λ¯ = 0.6. For this relatively low slender beam the influence of the yield strength on the load-carrying capacity is large. Also the influence of all the other imperfections as accurately as possible, the load-carrying capacity was determined by geometrically and materially nonlinear solution of very accurate FEM model by the ANSYS programme.

scholarly journals Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Aviation, Maritime, and Construction Industries: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4289
Author(s):  
Daniel Martinez-Marquez ◽  
Sravan Pingali ◽  
Kriengsak Panuwatwanich ◽  
Rodney A. Stewart ◽  
Sherif Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Medical Scientist ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Attention Failure ◽  
Demographic Distribution

Most accidents in the aviation, maritime, and construction industries are caused by human error, which can be traced back to impaired mental performance and attention failure. In 1596, Du Laurens, a French anatomist and medical scientist, said that the eyes are the windows of the mind. Eye tracking research dates back almost 150 years and it has been widely used in different fields for several purposes. Overall, eye tracking technologies provide the means to capture in real time a variety of eye movements that reflect different human cognitive, emotional, and physiological states, which can be used to gain a wider understanding of the human mind in different scenarios. This systematic literature review explored the different applications of eye tracking research in three high-risk industries, namely aviation, maritime, and construction. The results of this research uncovered the demographic distribution and applications of eye tracking research, as well as the different technologies that have been integrated to study the visual, cognitive, and attentional aspects of human mental performance. Moreover, different research gaps and potential future research directions were highlighted in relation to the usage of additional technologies to support, validate, and enhance eye tracking research to better understand human mental performance.

scholarly journals EEG Correlates of Old/New Discrimination Performance Involving Abstract Figures and Non-Words

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Monika Toth ◽  
Anke Sambeth ◽  
Arjan Blokland
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
New Item

The processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar stimuli such as abstract figures and non-words is poorly understood. Here, we considered the role of memory strength in the discrimination process of such stimuli using a three-phase old/new recognition memory paradigm. Memory strength was manipulated as a function of the levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) and repetition. Behavioral results were matched to brain responses using EEG. We found that correct identification of the new abstract figures and non-words was superior to old item recognition when they were merely studied without repetition, but not when they were semantically processed or drawn. EEG results indicated that successful new item identification was marked by a combination of the absence of familiarity (N400) and recollection (P600) for the studied figures. For both the abstract figures and the non-words, the parietal P600 was found to differentiate between the old and new items (late old/new effects). The present study extends current knowledge on the processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar figurative and verbal stimuli by showing that their discrimination depends on experimentally induced memory strength and that the underlying brain processes differ. Nevertheless, the P600, similar to pre-experimentally familiar figures and words, likely reflects improved recognition memory of meaningless pictorial and verbal items.

scholarly journals Memory Strength and Repetition Suppression: Multimodal Imaging of Medial Temporal Cortical Contributions to Recognition

Neuron ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Gonsalves ◽  
Itamar Kahn ◽  
Tim Curran ◽  
Kenneth A. Norman ◽  
Anthony D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Repetition Suppression

A causal factors analysis of helicopter accidents in New Zealand 1996-2005 and the United Kingdom 1986-2005

2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (1148) ◽  
pp. 647-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Majumdar ◽  
K. Mak ◽  
C. Lettington ◽  
P. Nalder
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Logical Scheme ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Operational Failures ◽  
Attention Failure ◽  
Operational Failure

Abstract Helicopter accidents cause many fatalities, and their avoidance is a major area of work for Civil Aviation safety authorities around the World. This paper uses helicopter accident data from the United Kingdom between 1986 and 2005 for 566 accidents and from New Zealand between 1996 and 2006 for 230 accidents to analyse helicopter accidents according to five categories of causes: airworthiness failure (engine); airworthiness failure (non-engine), operational failure, maintenance failure and mixed failure (i.e. operational and airworthiness combined). Factors associated with accidents, e.g. the engine types and weights of the helicopters involved; the nature of the operations and the phase of flight of the helicopter are also analysed. Operational failures were further analysed by Human Factors Analysis and Classification Scheme (HFACS) and airworthiness failures by a logical scheme of helicopter components. The results indicate that operational failures, especially due to unsafe acts, are the major cause of accidents in both countries followed by airworthiness causes. Light single piston helicopters are by far the major group associated with accidents in both countries, with few accidents for twin turbine helicopters. The majority of accidents were in non-public operations with few in public operations and in both countries, the cruise/flight/circuit phase has the largest number of accidents. Further analyses indicated statistically significant associations: type of helicopter and the cause of accidents; type of helicopter and the phase of flight; cause of accidents and nature of flights; cause of accidents and phase of flights; training flights and inadequate supervision; landing and procedural error and cruise and attention failure.

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