Mirror reading can reverse the flow of time.

This chapter asks wider questions about the flow of time as it was explored in this historical writing. It focuses on Jaurès’ philosophy of history, initially through a brief discussion of his doctoral thesis and the essay entitled ‘Le bilan social du XIXème siècle’ that he provided at the end of the Histoire socialiste, then through the work of three of his collaborators, Gabriel Deville, Eugène Fournière, and Georges Renard. One of the most important challenges for socialists in the early twentieth century was to understand the damage and division caused by revolution, while not losing the transformative mission of their socialism. With these elements established, the chapter returns to Jaurès, and in particular the long study of nineteenth-century society in chapter 10 of L’Armée nouvelle. Jaurès advanced an original vision of the nineteenth century and its meaning for the socialist present.

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ERP evidence for the time course of mental rotation in the mirror reading of Chinese words

Neuroscience Letters ◽

10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.041 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 552 ◽

pp. 151-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wei Hu ◽

Yong Lu ◽

Changling Ren ◽

John X. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Time Course ◽

Mirror Reading

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Biological Senescence: Loss of Integration and Resilience

Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement ◽

10.1017/s0714980800010552 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 106-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. Eugene Yates ◽

Laurel A. Benton

Keyword(s):

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽

Physical Basis ◽

Biological Age ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Nonlinear Mechanics ◽

Internal Time ◽

Flow Of Time

ABSTRACTThe flow of time can be conceptualized either as a cycle or an arrow. We offer a combined view: a helix. Chronological age (geophysical time reference) is not necessarily identical to biological age (internal time reference), and aging does not necessarily imply senescence. A new scheme of senescence, based on homeodynamics (nonlinear mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics), is introduced as a plausible physical basis for understanding senescence. We propose that energy throughput, initially constructive of forms and functions, becomes destructive once most of the available degrees of freedom have been “frozen out” by the construction. Senescence becomes manifested at that point.

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Embracing Noise and Error

Hungarian Studies Yearbook ◽

10.2478/hsy-2019-0010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 134-146

Author(s):

Bálint L. Bálint

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Human Perception ◽

Human Society ◽

Freedom Of Choice ◽

Profound Change ◽

Pure Mathematics ◽

Error Factor ◽

Flow Of Time ◽

Entire Society ◽

Personal Level

Abstract In his article “Embracing Noise and Error”, Bálint L. Bálint argues that human society is going through a profound change as mathematical models are used to predict human behavior both on a personal level and on the level of the entire society. An inherent component of mathematical models is the concept of error or noise, which describes the level of unpredictability of a system by the specific mathematical model. The author reveals the educational origin of the abstract world that can be described by pure mathematics and can be considered an ideal world without errors. While the human perception of the world is different from the abstractions we were taught, the mathematical models need to integrate the error factor to deal with the unpredictability of reality. While scientific thinking developed the statistic-probabilistic model to define the limits of predictability, here we present that in a flow of time driven by entropy, stochastic variability is an in-built characteristic of the material world and represents ultimately the singularity of each individual moment in time and the chance for our freedom of choice.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE ABSOLUTENESS OF TIME

EurasianUnionScientists ◽

10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2021.1.92.1504 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-54

Author(s):

S. Tiguntsev

Keyword(s):

High Precision ◽

Gravitational Potential ◽

High Speed ◽

Relativistic Effect ◽

Theoretical Research ◽

Clock Frequency ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

The Earth ◽

Flow Of Time ◽

The Difference

In classical physics, time is considered absolute. It is believed that all processes, regardless of their complexity, do not affect the flow of time The theory of relativity determines that the flow of time for bodies depends both on the speed of movement of bodies and on the magnitude of the gravitational potential. It is believed that time in space orbit passes slower due to the high speed of the spacecraft, and faster due to the lower gravitational potential than on the surface of the Earth. Currently, the dependence of time on the magnitude of the gravitational potential and velocity (relativistic effect) is taken into account in global positioning systems. However, studying the relativistic effect, scientists have made a wrong interpretation of the difference between the clock frequency of an orbiting satellite and the clock frequency on the Earth's surface. All further studies to explain the relativistic effect were carried out according to a similar scenario, that is, only the difference in clock frequencies under conditions of different gravitational potentials was investigated. While conducting theoretical research, I found that the frequency of the signal changes along the way from the satellite to the receiver due to the influence of Earth's gravity. It was found that the readings of two high-precision clocks located at different heights will not differ after any period of time, that is, it is shown that the flow of time does not depend on the gravitational potential. It is proposed to conduct full-scale experiments, during which some high-precision clocks are sent aboard the space station, while others remain in the laboratory on the surface of the earth. It is expected that the readings of the satellite clock will be absolutely identical to the readings of the clock in the Earth laboratory.

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On the Limits of Time in the Brain

KronoScope ◽

10.1163/15685241-12341276 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 228-239

Author(s):

Rémy Lestienne

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Inner Sense ◽

The Past ◽

Intellectual Abilities ◽

The Future ◽

Flow Of Time ◽

Nested Hierarchy ◽

Future Outcomes ◽

The Brain

Abstract J.T. Fraser used to emphasize the uniqueness of the human brain in its capacity for apprehending the various dimensions of “nootemporality” (Fraser 1982 and 1987). Indeed, our brain allows us to sense the flow of time, to measure delays, to remember past events or to predict future outcomes. In these achievements, the human brain reveals itself far superior to its animal counterpart. Women and men are the only beings, I believe, who are able to think about what they will do the next day. This is because such a thought implies three intellectual abilities that are proper to mankind: the capacity to take their own thoughts as objects of their thinking, the ability of mental time travels—to the past thanks to their episodic memory or to the future—and the possibility to project very far into the future, as a consequence of their enlarged and complexified forebrain. But there are severe limits to our timing abilities of which we are often unaware. Our sensibility to the passing time, like other of our intellectual abilities, is often competing with other brain functions, because they use at least in part the same neural networks. This is particularly the case regarding attention. The deeper the level of attention required, the looser is our perception of the flow of time. When we pay attention to something, when we fix our attention, then our inner sense of the flux of time freezes. This limitation should not sound too unfamiliar to the reader of J.T. Fraser who wrote in his book Time, Conflict, and Human Values (1999) about “time as a nested hierarchy of unresolvable conflicts.”

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Where Does Time Go?

Disputatio ◽

10.2478/disp-2012-0013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (33) ◽

pp. 485-494

Author(s):

Claudio Mazzola

Keyword(s):

Flow Of Time ◽

Vicious Circularity

Abstract It is a classical argument against the objectivity of the flow of time that it would not be possible to make sense of its direction without stepping into a vicious circularity. This paper is dedicated to discuss some of the objections Tim Maudlin has recently put forward against this argument, while outlining an alternative and more effective way out of it.

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