Behavior in relation to aversive events: Punishment and negative reinforcement.

2013 ◽  
pp. 483-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Hineline ◽  
Jesús Rosales-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Aversive Events

scholarly journals Anhedonia following mild traumatic brain injury in rats: A behavioral economic analysis of positive and negative reinforcement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Avcu ◽  
Ashley M. Fortress ◽  
Jennifer E. Fragale ◽  
Kevin M. Spiegler ◽  
Kevin C.H. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Hedonic Value ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Lateral Fluid Percussion

AbstractPsychiatric disorders affect nearly 50% of individuals who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Anhedonia is a major symptom of numerous psychiatric disorders and is a diagnostic criterion for depression. Recently, anhedonia has been divided into consummatory, motivational and decisional components, all of which may be affected differently in disease. Although anhedonia is typically assessed using positive reinforcement, the importance of stress in psychopathology suggests the study of negative reinforcement (removal or avoidance of aversive events) may be equally important. The present study investigated positive and negative reinforcement following a rat model of mild TBI (mTBI) using lateral fluid percussion. Hedonic value of and motivation for reinforcement was determined by behavioral economic analyses. Following mTBI, the hedonic value of avoiding foot shock was reduced. In contrast, the hedonic value of escaping foot shock or obtaining a sucrose pellet was not altered by mTBI. Moreover, neither motivation to avoid or escape foot shock nor motivation to acquire sucrose was modified by mTBI. Our results suggest that individuals experiencing mTBI may experience more stress because of poor proactive control of stress resulting from reduced hedonic value of avoiding aversive events.

Negative reinforcement of binge eating and vomiting in bulimics

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Smyth ◽  
S. A. Wonderlich ◽  
K. E. Heron ◽  
M. J. Sliwinski ◽  
R. D. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Negative Reinforcement

Positive and Negative Reinforcement of Alcohol Use Scales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Bin Cho ◽  
Jinni Su ◽  
Sally I-Chun Kuo ◽  
Kathleen K. Bucholz ◽  
Grace Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Negative Reinforcement

Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. MURPHY ◽  
A. MICHAEL ◽  
T. W. ROBBINS ◽  
B. J. SAHAKIAN
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Reversal Task ◽  
Depressed Patients

Background. Recent evidence suggests that an abnormal response to performance feedback may contribute to the wide-ranging neuropsychological deficits typically associated with depressive illness. The present research sought to determine whether the inability of depressed patients to utilize performance feedback advantageously is equally true for accurate and misleading feedback.Method. Patients with major depression and matched controls completed: (1) a visual discrimination and reversal task that featured intermittent and misleading negative feedback; and (2) feedback and no-feedback versions of a computerised test of spatial working memory. In the feedback version, negative feedback was accurate, highly informative, and could be used as a mnemonic aid.Results. On the Probability Reversal task, depressed patients were impaired in their ability to maintain response set in the face of misleading negative feedback as shown by their increased tendency to switch responding to the ‘incorrect’ stimulus following negative reinforcement, relative to that of controls. Patients' ability to acquire and reverse the necessary visual discrimination was unimpaired. On the Spatial Working Memory task, depressed patients made significantly more between-search errors than controls on the most difficult trials, but their ability to use negative feedback to facilitate performance remained intact.Conclusions. The present results suggest that feedback can have different effects in different contexts. Misleading, negative feedback appears to disrupt the performance of depressed patients, whereas negative but accurate feedback does not. These findings are considered in the context of recent studies on reinforcement systems and their associated neurobiological substrates.

Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Negative Reinforcement

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Maples ◽  
Phillip D. Tomporowski ◽  
Maury M. Haraway
Keyword(s):  
Test Trial ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Termination ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
The Difference

The study was designed to provide an empirical basis for Denny's account of negative reinforcement by showing that stimuli contiguously paired with shock termination can become conditioned elicitors of approach. 20 experimental Ss received 15 trials in which the onset of a 6-w light was paired with the termination of a 30-sec., 1-ma. scrambled shock, independently of Ss' behavior. 20 control Ss received an equivalent number of light and shock presentations, but these were unpaired. On a single test trial, S was exposed to a 6 w light in one arm (randomly selected) of a modified T-maze. 17 of 20 experimental Ss approached the light whereas only 11 of 20 control Ss approached the light. The difference between proportions was significant ( p = .05).

Negative Reinforcement–Based Treatment to Increase Food Intake

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B. Kitfield ◽  
Christopher J. Masalsky
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Increase Food Intake

Hearing Test for a Profoundly Retarded Human Subject

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Hearing Disability ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Cue ◽  
Hearing Test ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Low Functioning

A profoundly retarded 28-yr.-old female was trained to avoid an aversive but harmless shock to the foot by withdrawing the foot upon presentation of a visual cue. She was later unable to learn to avoid the shock consistently upon presentation of an auditory cue, confirming the ward staff's contention that she had a hearing disability. The audiometric technique using negative reinforcement bridges the problems of (1) difficulty in finding positive reinforcers for patients of low functioning and (2) satiation which may result from the continued use of positive reinforcers. The use of aversive stimuli raises ethical concerns. The growing trend in research is that aversive stimuli are permissible for individuals for whom positive techniques have not been effective and when used by trained professionals under careful review.

scholarly journals Conflicts with Wolves Can Originate from Their Parent Packs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1801
Author(s):  
Diederik van Liere ◽  
Nataša Siard ◽  
Pim Martens ◽  
Dušanka Jordan
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Google Search

Transmission of experience about prey and habitat supports the survival of next generation of wolves. Thus, the parent pack (PP) can affect whether young migrating wolves (loners) kill farm animals or choose to be in human environments, which generates human–wolf conflicts. Therefore, we researched whether the behavior of loners resembles PP behavior. After being extinct, 22 loners had entered the Netherlands between 2015 and 2019. Among them, 14 could be DNA-identified and linked with their PPs in Germany. Some loners were siblings. We assessed the behavior of each individual and PP through a structured Google search. PP behavior was determined for the loner’s rearing period. Similarity between loner and PP behavior was significant (p = 0.022) and applied to 10 of 14 cases: like their PPs, three loners killed sheep and were near humans, five killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep, nor were they near humans. Siblings behaved similarly. Thus, sheep killing and proximity to humans may develop during early-life experiences in the PP. However, by negative reinforcement that can be prevented. New methods are suggested to achieve that. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving PPs.

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