Of mechanical arrangement in the human frame.

2009 ◽  
pp. 99-131
Author(s):  
William Paley
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Arrangement

Construction, Mobility Analysis and Synthesis of Polyhedra With Articulated Faces

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Laliberté ◽  
Clément Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Models ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Mobility Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Articulated Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement

The concept of polyhedra with articulated faces is investigated in this paper. Polyhedra with articulated faces can be described as polyhedral frameworks, whose faces are constrained to remain planar. A mechanical arrangement based on a single type of component is proposed for the construction of the polyhedra. Then, the determination of their infinitesimal and full-cycle mobility is addressed. In some cases, they are rigid structures while in others they are articulated mechanisms. Finally, examples are given, using simulation and physical models, and several new families of articulated polyhedra are synthesized.

“Conjoint Gas and Mechanical Action as Applied to Flight”

1884 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Fred. W. Brearey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
United States Patent ◽  
Model Form ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
States Patent ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement ◽  
Made In

The remarks made in this paper are due to the action of the United States Patent Laws, as interpreted by one of the examiners, whose duty it was to adjudicate upon the practicability of an invention submitted to him, and whose decision was adverse to the granting of a patent. Protection was solicited for an improvement upon a previously patented mechanical aërial machine, the success of which had been proved by the inventor through the action of a model. The patent was refused on account of the alleged impracticability of the invention owing to the absence of gas as a supporting, or partly supporting, medium. Total misapprehension of the principles of flight is displayed whenever the balloon is recommended to take off part of the weight of any mechanical arrangement. However successfully the pure mechanical action may have proved itself in the conveyance of weights in the air whilst in the model form, the principle seems to be distrusted by some when proposed for extreme weight. But it fortunately happens that the resistance of the air to a body in motion, upon which we depend for success, bears a greatly increasing ratio to the extent of surface which that body assumes.

Drugs and Personality

1957 ◽  
Vol 103 (432) ◽  
pp. 656-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Eysenck ◽  
H. Holland ◽  
D. S. Trouton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement

In the first paper of this series, it was pointed out that one of the reasons why McDougall's theory of drug action and personality was not accepted at all widely was connected with the fact that he failed to provide an objective, experimental test which could be used to diagnose extraversion-introversion, and to assess drug effects. This argument is not entirely correct; McDougall did in fact suggest one such test, namely the rate of fluctuation of so-called reversible perspective figures. Many varieties of these are known, and have been used experimentally; the Necker cube, the staircase, the vase-face, and the windmill patterns being probably the best known. In all of these, there is an ambiguity in the drawing which makes it possible to perceive two distinct patterns in the stimulus; on prolonged inspection these patterns alternate, and it is the rate of alternation, signalled verbally or by suitable mechanical arrangement, which constitutes the score on this test. It is known that different types of pattern give reasonably reliable scores, and also that rates of alternation on different patterns correlate quite highly together, thus demonstrating that one and the same tendency is being measured. That this tendency is of central rather than peripheral character is indicated by the fact that changes in the rate of reversal due to fatigue and other causes can be transferred from one eye to the other.

Fine Particles of Rubber Cutting Machine Designed to Explore

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 442-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Jun Qiu ◽  
Jia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Powder Particle Size ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Powder Composition ◽  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Tire Production ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement

Tire production of fine particles of powder composition and the mechanical arrangement of tool methods of efficiency of the larger craft. Fine particles of cutting edge cutting machine is a small gap between the edge of the particles produced can not exercise the role of the crowded file. File can not be cut and milled to achieve simultaneously. Multi-blade knife and bevel knife gap between the tool installation form. Between powder particles in the twice cut or ground to reduce the powder particle size cheddar and improve work efficiency results.

A device for the mechanical arrangement of bottles

1962 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 580-581
Author(s):  
S. S. Akulich ◽  
A. P. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Arrangement

scholarly journals Preliminary note on the anatomy of the umbilical cord

1876 ◽  
Vol 24 (164-170) ◽  
pp. 417-440 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Fixed Axis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Black Sphere ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement ◽  
Normal Spiral ◽  
The Revolution

The peculiar twisted appearance of the human umbilical cord has received much attention from anatomists, and has been the subject of much ingenious speculation. According to Velpeau (‘ Embryologie’) the torsion begins as early as the seventh or eighth week, whilst Burdach has not observed it earlier than the tenth. I have repeatedly seen fœtuses, apparently of the twelfth and thirteenth week, in which no appearance of twisting was observable in the cord, though one of the most perfectly twisted cords in my possession belongs to a fœtus of certainly not more than thirteen weeks’ development. Velpeau attributes the twisting simply to the rotation of the fœtus. Schroeder Van der Kolk supposes that the blood flowing in the arteries exerts a backstroke influence on the pelvis of the swimming fœtus, thus determining its revolution in one direction or the other, as the arteries are to be found to the right or left of the vein. In order to dismiss this view we have only to recollect that the umbilicus could not in any way become a fixed axis, and that the mechanical arrangement of the heart, in the non-separation of its streams, would yield but a very weak impulse until very late in pregnancy. The revolution of the fœtus is not known to occur, though its occurrence is probable. Such revolution occurs in the spawn of the frog as early as the first segmentation of the black sphere; but then it is evidently the result of the necessity there is for an equal exposure of all parts of the embryo to the action of light and heat, just as the germinal spot is always uppermost in the bird’s egg. No such necessity exists in the persistently included mammalian ovum, and the revolution of the fœtus cannot be accepted. If it did occur it is highly improbable that the revolutions could number only from four to eighteen, these being the ranges I have noticed in a large number of fully developed cords. Another objection to Schroeder’s hypothesis is that, as a matter of fact, the arteries leave the omphalic ring nearly always below the vein and symmetrically arranged in relation to it. Their passage to one or other side of it is seldom apparent till the external dermal ring has been reached. Also I have seen the first revolution of the arteries pass from right to left, after which they suddenly bent on themselves and passed up the cord in an irregularly straight course, whilst the vein maintained the normal spiral. Further, I have seen the arteries reverse their course about the middle of the cord, though the vein maintained the uniform spiral.

Greater ATP dependence than sodium dependence of radiocalcium efflux in bullfrog ventricle

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (1) ◽  
pp. C129-C139 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brommundt ◽  
F. Kavaler
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Small Error ◽  
Pressure Pulsations ◽  
Extracellular Sodium ◽  
45Ca Efflux ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement

45Ca efflux was studied in intact bullfrog ventricles following a 2-h period of loading with radiocalcium-containing Ringer solution. The cannulated ventricle was placed in a closed air-filled container to which were applied rhythmic, electronically timed, positive- and negative-pressure pulsations, which induced ventricular volume excursions. The mechanical arrangement and timing circuitry made it possible for each period to be as short in duration as 15 s. By use of this technique, penetration of the extracellular space by [14C]inulin was found to be complete within 30 s, and recovery of the inulin proceeded with a time constant of 17-24 s, indicating a completeness of recovery of 98% within 90 s. Washout of added 45Ca was quantitatively quite close to that of inulin, and in addition the estimated rate of sequestration of the isotope was slow enough to introduce only a small error into the experimental results. 45Ca efflux was only slightly (15%) sensitive to replacement of extracellular sodium but was profoundly sensitive to the inhibitors of ATP synthesis, cyanide and 2-deoxy-glucose.

Mechanical arrangement of the parasternal intercostals in the different interspaces

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1421-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer ◽  
G. A. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diaphragmatic Paralysis ◽  
Bilateral Stimulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Muscle Shortening ◽  
In Series ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement ◽  
Stimulation Of

When the parasternal intercostal in a single interspace is selectively denervated in dogs with diaphragmatic paralysis, it continues to shorten during both quiet and occluded inspiration. In the present studies, we have tested the hypothesis that this passive parasternal inspiratory shortening is due to the action of the other parasternal intercostals. Changes in length of the denervated third right parasternal were measured in eight supine phrenicotomized animals. We found that 1) the inspiratory muscle shortening increased after denervation of the third left parasternal but gradually decreased with denervation of the parasternals situated in the second, fourth, and fifth interspaces; 2) the muscle, however, always continued to shorten during inspiration, even after denervation of all the parasternals; 3) stimulating selectively the third left parasternal caused a muscle lengthening; and 4) bilateral stimulation of the parasternals in the second or the fourth interspace produced a muscle shortening. We conclude that 1) the two parasternals situated in the same interspace on both sides of the sternum are mechanically arranged in series, whereas the parasternals located in adjacent interspaces are mechanically arranged in parallel; and 2) if a denervated parasternal continues to shorten during inspiration, this is in part because of the action of the parasternals in the adjacent interspaces and in part because of other inspiratory muscles of the rib cage, possibly the external intercostals and the levator costae.

Mechanical arrangement of costal and crural diaphragms in dogs

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1484-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Decramer ◽  
A. De Troyer ◽  
S. Kelly ◽  
P. T. Macklem
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Length Relationship ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
In Series ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement ◽  
Stimulation Of

To assess the mechanical arrangement of the costal and crural parts of the diaphragm, we studied changes in diaphragmatic length with piezoelectric crystals in 17 supine anesthetized dogs. During control resting inspiration, the crural part usually shortened more and earlier than the costal part. After phrenicotomy, the crural part always lengthened during inspiration, whereas the costal part shortened or lengthened. These interanimal differences disappeared after opening of the abdomen; the costal part then always lengthened during inspiration. During stimulation of one part, the relaxed nonstimulated part always lengthened. However, when compared with the relationship between length and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) obtained during passive deflation, the lengthening of the relaxed part during stimulation of either part was small. This difference between predicted and measured Pdi-length relationship decreased in magnitude as lung volume increased above functional residual capacity (FRC) and increased as residual volume was approached. These results indicate that 1) even during quiet breathing the diaphragm in the dog is not a single functional entity; 2) at FRC the costal and crural portions of the diaphragm behave as if they were mechanically arranged partly in parallel and partly in series; and 3) they gradually move into a pure mechanical series arrangement as lung volume increases.

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