The visceral systems in psychology.

2004 ◽  
pp. 721-736
Author(s):  
John I. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Systems

Is the Cerebellum Involved in the Nervous Control of the Immune System Function?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-557
Author(s):  
Anna Rizzi ◽  
Matteo Saccia ◽  
Vincenzo Benagiano
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Parasympathetic System ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms

Background: According to the views of psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology, many interactions exist between nervous, endocrine and immune system the purpose of which is to achieve adaptive measures restoring an internal equilibrium (homeostasis) following stress conditions. The center where these interactions converge is the hypothalamus. This is a center of the autonomic nervous system that controls the visceral systems, including the immune system, through both the nervous and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The nervous mechanisms are based on nervous circuits that bidirectionally connect hypothalamic neurons and neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system; the neuroendocrine mechanisms are based on the release by neurosecretory hypothalamic neurons of hormones that target the endocrine cells and on the feedback effects of the hormones secreted by these endocrine cells on the same hypothalamic neurons. Moreover, the hypothalamus is an important subcortical center of the limbic system that controls through nervous and neuroendocrine mechanisms the areas of the cerebral cortex where the psychic functions controlling mood, emotions, anxiety and instinctive behaviors take place. Accordingly, various studies conducted in the last decades have indicated that hypothalamic diseases may be associated with immune and/or psychic disorders. Objective: Various researches have reported that the hypothalamus is controlled by the cerebellum through a feedback nervous circuit, namely the hypothalamocerebellar circuit, which bi-directionally connects regions of the hypothalamus, including the immunoregulatory ones, and related regions of the cerebellum. An objective of the present review was to analyze the anatomical bases of the nervous and neuroendocrine mechanisms for the control of the immune system and, in particular, of the interaction between hypothalamus and cerebellum to achieve the immunoregulatory function. Conclusion: Since the hypothalamus represents the link through which the immune functions may influence the psychic functions and vice versa, the cerebellum, controlling several regions of the hypothalamus, could be considered as a primary player in the regulation of the multiple functional interactions postulated by psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology.

Influence of Yoga on the Autonomic Nervous System

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Kaviraja Udupa ◽  
T. N. Sathyaprabha
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Sympathovagal Balance ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
Physiological Benefits

Increased interest in exploring the physiological benefits of yoga in last few decades resulted in plethora of scientific studies involving different physiological measures in healthy volunteers and patients with various disorders. Of these measures, autonomic functions assessment remained prime role because of wider regulation of autonomic nervous system functions over all visceral systems of the body. Through its two limbs (sympathetic and parasympathetic) autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary visceral organs and systems of the body, which is critical in maintaining the homeostasis of all the physiological functions. This homeostasis is altered in various disease conditions most of which resulted because of the increased stress, a product of modern day lifestyle. Yoga is perfect antidote for the stress, effectively tackling the dreaded effects of stress on physiological systems mainly acting through modulating sympathovagal balance to maintain the homeostasis and restoring the health. We will discuss how yoga achieves this balance in various disorders by reviewing the autonomic system, its functions, laboratory assessments and plenty of scientific studies conducted over last few decades in various disorders involving yoga and autonomic functions. Although we have general idea as to how yoga modulates the sympathovagal balance improving clinical condition, we need to have more long-term, in-depth, well-controlled studies not only to understand these complex interactions of yoga and autonomic functions but also to provide scientific credibility to yoga research in world's scientific community. These steps would hopefully enable mankind to lead the disease-free healthy life style effectively to achieve meaningfully the purpose of one's life.

Body, Mind, and Spirit in Early Chinese Medicine

T oung Pao ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 525-551
Author(s):  
Lisa Raphals
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Early China ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
Huángdì Nèijīng ◽  
The Mind

Abstract Medical texts especially of the Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 tradition provide an important counterpoint to philosophical debates about the relation of body and mind in early China and in particular to the understanding of the “mind” (xin 心), since medical texts must address the role of the xin-heart as one of the visceral systems. This paper surveys accounts of both “mind” and “spirit” (shen 神) in the Huangdi neijing and proposes a view of a person in which cognitive and affective faculties are decentralized and corporeal, rather than being centered in the mind.

The role of taurine in adaptation of visceral systems under psycho-emotional stress in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
E. A. Avetisyan ◽  
A. A. Petrosyan ◽  
M. S. Khachiyan ◽  
N. A. Saakyan ◽  
L. Yu. Simonyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Stress ◽  
Visceral Systems

scholarly journals Neurobiological Mechanisms of Pelvic Pain

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Origoni ◽  
Umberto Leone Roberti Maggiore ◽  
Stefano Salvatore ◽  
Massimo Candiani
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Complex Circuits

Pelvic pain is a common condition which significantly deteriorates health-related quality of life. The most commonly identified causes of pain in the pelvic region are gynaecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, neurological, and musculoskeletal. However, in up to 33% of patients the source of this symptom is not identified, frustrating both patients and health-care professionals. Pelvic pain may involve both the somatic and visceral systems, making the differential diagnosing challenging. This paper aimed to review the mechanisms involved in pelvic pain perception by analyzing the neural plasticity and molecules which are involved in these complex circuits.

Some aspects of a study of habituation in visceral systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-333
Author(s):  
S. S. Musyashchikova ◽  
M. S. Sinyaya ◽  
A. A. Mokrushin ◽  
I. V. Ryzhova
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Systems

On the Life History and Structure of the Early Stages of Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part II

Parasitology ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Puri
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
First Time

(A) Life History.(1) Simulium larvae are found in streams where the current is very fast. They are sedentary in habit and fix themselves to some support by means of their posterior sucker and sticky salivary secretion.(2) Progression is achieved by looping movements which have been described in detail.(3) Larvae feed on all kinds of fresh water animalcules, and algae.(4) Two species were reared from eggs to the adult flies for the first time in the laboratory. Abundance of food and aeration of water are two very important factors governing the rearing of these larvae.(5) There are six larval stages, each stage lasting 4–7 days. The gradual changes in the successive stages are described in S. erythrocephalum and S. aureum.(6) The sixth-stage larva, having woven its cocoon, changes into a pupa, the whole process, weaving of cocoon and pupation (described in detail), takes 75–90 minutes. Pupal life lasts 5–15 days, depending on temperature.(7) The eggs are sub-triangular in form and are laid in large patches on aquatic plants below the surface of water.(8) The first-stage larva is characterised by the presence of an egg-burster situated dorsally upon the head.(B) Morphology.(9) The larvae are eucephalous, with eleven faintly marked body-segments, three thoracic and eight abdominal, the eighth abdominal being apparently divided into two parts, the posterior carrying the anus and posterior sucker. There is a median uniramous thoracic proleg which like the posterior sucker is provided with a number of cuticular hooks.(10) The head has a number of markings which are of great taxonomic importance.(11) The head-appendages are: A pair of jointed antennae, a rounded labrum, a pair of lateral fan-shaped appendages (the premandibular organs), a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae each with a single-jointed palp, a hypopharynx, and a labium. These appendages have been described in detail in this paper for the first time.(12) The alimentary canal, malpighian tubules, salivary glands, muscular system and gonads are dealt with in detail.(13) The oesophageal valve has no blood sinus as has been erroneously described by previous writers.(14) A pair of dorsal glands are present above the pharynx. Their walls consist of large uninuclear cells. Dorsal glands have so far been found only in Sciara among Dipterous larvae.(15) There is a well-developed central as well as visceral nervous system. The bilobed brain lies in the head and a chain of eleven ganglia in the body. Both the supra-intestinal and the infra-intestinal visceral systems are fully worked out for the first time.(16) There is a well-developed tracheal system with ten closed spiracles, one prothoracic, one metathoracic and eight abdominal.(17) The flattened dorsal vessel stretches from the seventh abdominal segment to the head where it ends just behind the brain. It is dilated in the seventh segment to form the heart which is provided with two pairs of ostia.(18) Nephrocytes or excretory cells (pericardial, and peri-oesophageal) are described for the first time and compared to similar structures in other Dipterous larvae.(19) A detailed description of the early stages of all the known (seventeen)1 British species is given, with remarks about eleven of them, as they occur in Sweden, Norway and France.(20) The characters used for determining the species are as follows: Larva. Head markings; antennae; mandibles; submentum; anal gills; ventral papillae; and posterior sucker. Pupa. Chaetotaxy, Respiratory filaments, and Cocoon.

scholarly journals BAROREFLEX AND ADAPTATION OF VISCERAL SYSTEMS IN RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
V. A. Tsyrlin ◽  
N. V. Kuzmenko ◽  
M. G. Pliss ◽  
N. S. Rubanova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Blood Pressure Level ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
Hypertension Development ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Arterial Baroreceptor

Objective. To test the hypothesis, that the arterial baroreceptor refl  ex plays the key role for the phenomenon of visceral systems adaptation for long-term afferent drive. Design and methods. In Wistar rats the model of the «two kidneys, one clip» vasorenal hypertension was carried out. The sino-aortic denervation was performed in one group — before the left renal artery clipping, in the other group — 8 weeks after the left renal artery clipping. Results. The renal artery clipping led to the increase of blood pressure only in 17 % of animals with intact sino-carotid-aortic mechanoreceptor zones. The absence of hypertension in these animals might be due to the cardiovascular adaptation phenomenon to prolonged afferent action from ischemic kidney. Denervation of mechanoreceptor zones before the clipping of the renal artery contributes to the development of hypertension in 100 %. However, the denervation of sino-carotid and aortic zones performed 8 weeks after the renal artery clipping in rats without hypertension, does not affect blood pressure level.Conclusion. We suggest, that the absence of hypertension after renal artery clipping is due to the adaptation of the circulatory system to a long-term afferentation from the kidney, and the denervation of large vessels mechanoreceptor zones does not alter this process. At the same time, the damage of the arterial baroreceptor refl  ex before renal artery clipping interferes in the visceral systems adaptation to afferent action and contributes to the arterial hypertension development.

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