Solar modulation of galactic cosmic ray electrons, protons, and alphas

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (13) ◽  
pp. 1701-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon J. Fulks
Space Weather ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zeitlin ◽  
A. W. Case ◽  
N. A. Schwadron ◽  
H. E. Spence ◽  
J. E. Mazur ◽  
...  

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Castagnoli ◽  
Devendra Lal

This paper is concerned with the expected deviations in the production rate of natural 14C on the earth due to changes in solar activity. We review the published estimates of the global production rates of 14C due to galactic and solar cosmic ray particles, and present new estimates of the expected secular variations in 14C production, taking into account the latest information available on galactic cosmic ray modulation and long-term variations in solar activity.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waraporn Nuntiyakul ◽  
Paul Evenson ◽  
David Ruffolo ◽  
A. Saiz ◽  
J. W. Bieber ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Zhenning Shen ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Pingbing Zuo ◽  
Gang Qin ◽  
Fengsi Wei ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 795 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Nuntiyakul ◽  
P. Evenson ◽  
D. Ruffolo ◽  
A. Sáiz ◽  
J. W. Bieber ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. A14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saša Banjac ◽  
Lars Berger ◽  
Sönke Burmeister ◽  
Jingnan Guo ◽  
Bernd Heber ◽  
...  

Depending on the radiation field, the absorbed dose rate can depend significantly upon the size of the detectors or the phantom used in the models. In deep space (interplanetary medium) the radiation field is on avarage dominated by Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) nuclei. Here, the deep space dose rate that a typical small silicon slab detector measures is compared to a larger phantom corresponding to an ICRU sphere with a 15 cm radius composed of water. To separate and understand respective effects from the composition, size and shape differences in the detectors, this comparison is implemented in several steps. For each phantom, the absorbed dose rate due to GCR nuclei up to Z = 28, as a function of solar modulation conditions, is calculated. The main components of the GCR flux are protons, followed by helium nuclei and electrons, with Z > 2 nuclei accounting for approximately 1% of the total number of particles. Among the light nuclei with Z > 2, most abundant ones are C, N and O. In this study, we use the GEANT4 model to calculate the absorbed dose (energy deposited as ionization, divided by mass) due to the GCR flux provided by the Badhwar-O’Neill 2010 (BON-10) model. Furthermore, we investigate how the determined absorbed dose rate changes throughout the solar cycle by varying the GCR models from solar minimum to solar maximum conditions. The developed model is validated against the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) microdosimeter measurements. In our current approach, we do not consider the effects of shielding, which will always be present under realistic scenarios. A second goal of this study is to quantify the contribution of each Z = 1, …, 28 GCR nuclei to absorbed dose rate, in relation to the phantom characteristics. For each Z we determine the most relevant energy range in the GCR spectra for absorbed dose rate estimations. Furthermore, we calculate a solar modulation dependent conversion factor to convert absorbed dose rate measured in silicon to absorbed dose rate in water. This information will improve our understanding of the radiation environment due to GCR in the near-Earth deep space and also benefit further modeling efforts by limiting the number and energy range of primary particle species that have to be considered.


2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bindi ◽  
C. Corti ◽  
C. Consolandi ◽  
J. Hoffman ◽  
K. Whitman

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