Effects on stratospheric ozone from high-speed civil transport: Sensitivity to stratospheric aerosol loading

1993 ◽  
Vol 98 (D12) ◽  
pp. 23133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra K. Weisenstein ◽  
Malcolm K. W. Ko ◽  
Jose M. Rodriguez ◽  
Nien-Dak Sze
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Loading

scholarly journals Solar response in tropical stratospheric ozone: a 3-D chemical transport model study using ERA reanalyses

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 12773-12786 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dhomse ◽  
M. P. Chipperfield ◽  
W. Feng ◽  
J. D. Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract. We have used an off-line 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) to investigate the 11-yr solar cycle response in tropical stratospheric ozone. The model is forced with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (re)analysis (ERA-40/operational and ERA-Interim) data for the 1979–2005 time period. We have compared the modelled solar response in ozone to observation-based data sets that are constructed using satellite instruments such as Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Solar Backscatter UltraViolet instrument (SBUV), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE). A significant difference is seen between simulated and observed ozone during the 1980s, which is probably due to inhomogeneities in the ERA-40 reanalyses. In general, the model with ERA-Interim dynamics shows better agreement with the observations from 1990 onwards than with ERA-40. Overall both standard model simulations are partially able to simulate a "double peak"-structured ozone solar response with a minimum around 30 km, and these are in better agreement with HALOE than SAGE-corrected SBUV (SBUV/SAGE) or SAGE-based data sets. In the tropical lower stratosphere (TLS), the modelled solar response with time-varying aerosols is amplified through aliasing with a volcanic signal, as the model overestimates ozone loss during high aerosol loading years. However, the modelled solar response with fixed dynamics and constant aerosols shows a positive signal which is in better agreement with SBUV/SAGE and SAGE-based data sets in the TLS. Our model simulations suggests that photochemistry contributes to the ozone solar response in this region. The largest model-observation differences occur in the upper stratosphere where SBUV/SAGE and SAGE-based data show a significant (up to 4%) solar response whereas the standard model and HALOE do not. This is partly due to a positive solar response in the ECMWF upper stratospheric temperatures which reduces the modelled ozone signal. The large positive upper stratospheric solar response seen in SBUV/SAGE and SAGE-based data can be reproduced in model runs with fixed dynamical fields (i.e. no inter-annual meteorological changes). As these runs effectively assume no long-term temperature changes (solar-induced or otherwise), it should provide an upper limit of the ozone solar response. Overall, full quantification of the solar response in stratospheric ozone is limited by differences in the observed data sets and by uncertainties in the solar response in stratospheric temperatures.

scholarly journals Odin–OSIRIS detection of the Chelyabinsk meteor

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Rieger ◽  
A. E. Bourassa ◽  
D. A. Degenstein
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Processing Algorithm ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Infrared Imaging System ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

Abstract. On 15 February 2013 an 11 000 ton meteor entered Earth's atmosphere southeast of Chelyabinsk, creating a large fireball at 23 km altitude. The resulting stratospheric aerosol loading was detected by the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) in a high-altitude polar belt. This work confirms the presence and lifetime of the stratospheric debris using the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) onboard the Odin satellite. Although OSIRIS coverage begins in mid-March, the measurements show a belt of enhanced scattering near 35 km altitude between 50° N and 70° N. Initially, enhancements show increased scattering of up to 15% over the background conditions, decaying in intensity and dropping in altitude until they are indistinguishable from background conditions by mid-May. An inversion is also attempted using the standard OSIRIS processing algorithm to determine the extinction in the meteoric debris.

Numerical modeling of the natural and anthropogenic factors influence on the past and future changes in polar, mid-latitude and tropical ozone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Smyshlyaev ◽  
Polina Blakitnaya ◽  
Maxim Motsakov ◽  
Vener Galin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors

<p>The INM RAS – RSHU chemistry-climate model of the lower and middle atmosphere is used to compare the role of natural and anthropogenic factors in the observed and expected variability of stratospheric ozone. Numerical experiments have been carried out on several scenarios of separate and combined effects of solar activity, stratospheric aerosol, sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases, and ozone-depleting substances emissions on ozone for the period from 1979 to 2050. Simulations for the past and present periods are compared to the results of ground-based and satellite observations, as well as MERRA and ERA-Interim re-analysis. Estimation of future ozone changes are based on different scenarios of changes in solar activity and emissions of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases, as well as the possibility of large volcanic aerosol emissions at different periods of time.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of SAGE II ozone of the middle and upper stratosphere for its response to a decadal-scale forcing

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 11779-11790 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Remsberg ◽  
G. Lingenfelser
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Signal Sensitivity ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Middle Stratosphere

Abstract. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) Version 6.2 ozone profiles are analyzed for their decadal-scale responses in the middle and upper stratosphere from September 1991 to August 2005. The profile data are averaged within twelve, 20°-wide latitude bins from 55° S to 55° N and at twelve altitudes from 27.5 to 55.0 km. The separate, 14-yr data time series are analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) models that include seasonal, 28 and 21-month, 11-yr sinusoid, and linear trend terms. Proxies are not used for the 28-mo (QBO-like), 11-yr solar uv-flux, or reactive chlorine terms. Instead, the present analysis focuses on the periodic 11-yr terms to see whether they are in-phase with that of a direct, uv-flux forcing or are dominated by some other decadal-scale influence. It is shown that they are in-phase over most of the latitude/altitude domain and that they have max minus min variations between 25° S and 25° N that peak near 4% between 30 and 40 km. Model simulations of the direct effects of uv-flux forcings agree with this finding. The shape of the 11-yr ozone response profile from SAGE II also agrees with that diagnosed for the stratosphere over the same time period from the HALOE data. Ozone in the middle stratosphere of the northern subtropics is perturbed during 1991−1992 following the eruption of Pinatubo, and there are pronounced decadal-scale variations in the ozone of the upper stratosphere for the northern middle latitudes presumably due to dynamical forcings. The 11-yr ozone responses of the southern hemisphere appear to be free of those extra influences. The associated linear trend terms from the SAGE II analyses are slightly negative (−2 to −4%/decade) between 35 and 45 km and nearly constant across latitude. This finding is consistent with the fact that ozone is estimated to have decreased by no more than 1.5% due to the increasing chlorine from mid-1992 to about 2000 but with little change thereafter. It is concluded that a satellite, solar occultation measurement provides both the signal sensitivity and the vertical resolution to record the stratospheric ozone response to the forcing from the solar uv-flux, as well as those due to any other long-term changes.

scholarly journals Merging of ozone profiles from SCIAMACHY, OMPS and SAGE II observations to study stratospheric ozone changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2423-2444
Author(s):  
Carlo Arosio ◽  
Alexei Rozanov ◽  
Elizaveta Malinina ◽  
Mark Weber ◽  
John P. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Inversion Algorithm ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature

Abstract. This paper presents vertically and zonally resolved merged ozone time series from limb measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP). In addition, we present the merging of the latter two data sets with zonally averaged profiles from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II. The retrieval of ozone profiles from SCIAMACHY and OMPS-LP is performed using an inversion algorithm developed at the University of Bremen. To optimize the merging of these two time series, we use data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) as a transfer function and we follow two approaches: (1) a conventional method involving the calculation of deseasonalized anomalies and (2) a “plain-debiasing” approach, generally not considered in previous similar studies, which preserves the seasonal cycles of each instrument. We find a good correlation and no significant drifts between the merged and MLS time series. Using the merged data set from both approaches, we apply a multivariate regression analysis to study ozone changes in the 20–50 km range over the 2003–2018 period. Exploiting the dense horizontal sampling of the instruments, we investigate not only the zonally averaged field, but also the longitudinally resolved long-term ozone variations, finding an unexpected and large variability, especially at mid and high latitudes, with variations of up to 3 %–5 % per decade at altitudes around 40 km. Significant positive linear trends of about 2 %–4 % per decade were identified in the upper stratosphere between altitudes of 38 and 45 km at mid latitudes. This is in agreement with the predicted recovery of upper stratospheric ozone, which is attributed to both the adoption of measures to limit the release of halogen-containing ozone-depleting substances (Montreal Protocol) and the decrease in stratospheric temperature resulting from the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases. In the tropical stratosphere below 25 km negative but non-significant trends were found. We compare our results with previous studies and with short-term trends calculated over the SCIAMACHY period (2002–2012). While generally a good agreement is found, some discrepancies are seen in the tropical mid stratosphere. Regarding the merging of SAGE II with SCIAMACHY and OMPS-LP, zonal mean anomalies are taken into consideration and ozone trends before and after 1997 are calculated. Negative trends above 30 km are found for the 1985–1997 period, with a peak of −6 % per decade at mid latitudes, in agreement with previous studies. The increase in ozone concentration in the upper stratosphere is confirmed over the 1998–2018 period. Trends in the tropical stratosphere at 30–35 km show an interesting behavior: over the 1998–2018 period a negligible trend is found. However, between 2004 and 2011 a negative long-term change is detected followed by a positive change between 2012 and 2018. We attribute this behavior to dynamical changes in the tropical middle stratosphere.

scholarly journals Trend and variability in ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere over 2.5 solar cycles observed by SAGE II and OSIRIS

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 3479-3496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Sioris ◽  
C. A. McLinden ◽  
V. E. Fioletov ◽  
C. Adams ◽  
J. M. Zawodny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Relative Standard Error ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract. We have extended the satellite-based ozone anomaly time series to the present (December 2012) by merging SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II) with OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System) and correcting for the small bias (~0.5%) between them, determined using their temporal overlap of 4 years. Analysis of the merged data set (1984–2012) shows a statistically significant negative trend at all altitudes in the 18–25 km range, including a trend of (−4.6 ± 2.6)% decade−1 at 19.5 km where the relative standard error is a minimum. We are also able to replicate previously reported decadal trends in the tropical lower-stratospheric ozone anomaly based on SAGE II observations. Uncertainties are smaller on the merged trend than the SAGE II trend at all altitudes. Underlying strong fluctuations in ozone anomaly due to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the altitude-dependent quasi-biennial oscillation, and tropopause pressure need to be taken into account to reduce trend uncertainties and, in the case of ENSO, to accurately determine the linear trend just above the tropopause. We also compare the observed ozone trend with a calculated trend that uses information on tropical upwelling and its temporal trend from model simulations, tropopause pressure trend information derived from reanalysis data, and vertical profiles from SAGE II and OSIRIS to determine the vertical gradient of ozone and its trend. We show that the observed trend agrees with the calculated trend and that the magnitude of the calculated trend is dominated by increased tropical upwelling, with minor but increasing contribution from the vertical ozone gradient trend as the tropical tropopause is approached. Improvements are suggested for future regression modelling efforts which could reduce trend uncertainties and biases in trend magnitudes, thereby allowing accurate trend detection to extend below 18 km.

CALIOP PSC observations from 2006-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pitts ◽  
Lamont Poole
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Orthogonal Polarization ◽  
Ozone Loss ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽  
Stratospheric Clouds

<p>Even though the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in stratospheric ozone depletion is well established, important questions remain unanswered that have limited our understanding of PSC processes and how to accurately represent them in global models.  This has called into question our prognostic capabilities for future ozone loss in a changing climate.  A more complete picture of PSC processes on polar vortex-wide scales has emerged from the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instrument on the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) satellite that has been observing PSCs at latitudes up to 82 degrees in both hemispheres since June 2006.  In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art climatology of PSC spatial and temporal distributions and particle composition constructed from the more than 14-year CALIOP spaceborne lidar dataset.  The climatology also includes estimates of particulate surface area density and volume density to facilitate comparisons with in situ data and measurements by other remote sensors, as well as with theoretical models relating PSCs to heterogeneous chemical processing and ozone loss. Finally, we compare the CALIOP PSC data record with the 1979-1989 SAM II (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II) solar occultation PSC record to investigate possible multi-decadal changes in PSC occurrence.</p>

scholarly journals Global distribution of tropospheric ozone from satellite measurements using the empirically corrected tropospheric ozone residual technique: Identification of the regional aspects of air pollution

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fishman ◽  
A. E. Wozniak ◽  
J. K. Creilson
Keyword(s):  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Data Set

Abstract. Using coincident observations of total ozone from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and stratospheric ozone profiles from the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments, detailed maps of tropospheric ozone have been derived on a daily basis over a time period spanning more than two decades. The resultant climatological seasonal depictions of the tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) show much more detail than an earlier analysis that had used coincident TOMS and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) ozone profiles, although there are many similarities between the TOMS/SAGE TOR and the TOMS/SBUV TOR climatologies. In particular, both TOR seasonal depictions show large enhancements in the southern tropics and subtropics in austral spring and at northern temperate latitudes during the summer. The much greater detail in this new data set clearly defines the regional aspect of tropospheric ozone pollution in northeastern India, eastern United States, eastern China, and west and southern Africa. Being able to define monthly climatologies for each year of the data record provides enough temporal resolution to illustrate significant interannual variability in some of these regions.

scholarly journals Long-term (1999–2019) variability of stratospheric aerosol over Mauna Loa, Hawaii, as seen by two co-located lidars and satellite measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 6821-6839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Chouza ◽  
Thierry Leblanc ◽  
John Barnes ◽  
Mark Brewer ◽  
Patrick Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Orthogonal Polarization ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Quiescent Period ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. As part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), ground-based measurements obtained from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) stratospheric ozone lidar and the NOAA stratospheric aerosol lidar at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, over the past 2 decades were used to investigate the impact of volcanic eruptions and pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) smoke plumes on the stratospheric aerosol load above Hawaii since 1999. Measurements at 355 and 532 nm conducted by these two lidars revealed a color ratio of 0.5 for background aerosols and small volcanic plumes and 0.8 for a PyroCb plume recorded on September 2017. Measurements of the Nabro plume by the JPL lidar in 2011–2012 showed a lidar ratio of (64±12.7) sr at 355 nm around the center of the plume. The new Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology (GloSSAC), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) Level 3 and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III-ISS) stratospheric aerosol datasets were compared to the ground-based lidar datasets. The intercomparison revealed a generally good agreement, with vertical profiles of extinction coefficient within 50 % discrepancy between 17 and 23 km above sea level (a.s.l.) and 25 % above 23 km a.s.l. The stratospheric aerosol depth derived from all of these datasets shows good agreement, with the largest discrepancy (20 %) being observed between the new CALIOP Level 3 and the other datasets. All datasets consistently reveal a relatively quiescent period between 1999 and 2006, followed by an active period of multiple eruptions (e.g., Nabro) until early 2012. Another quiescent period, with slightly higher aerosol background, lasted until mid-2017, when a combination of extensive wildfires and multiple volcanic eruptions caused a significant increase in stratospheric aerosol loading. This loading maximized at the very end of the time period considered (fall 2019) as a result of the Raikoke eruption, the plume of which ascended to 26 km altitude in less than 3 months.

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