Reconstruction of oceanic flow characteristics from quasi-Lagrangian data: 2. Characteristics of the large-scale circulation in the Black Sea

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (C6) ◽  
pp. 9743 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Eremeev ◽  
L. M. Ivanov ◽  
A. D. Kirwan ◽  
O. V. Melnichenko ◽  
S. V. Kochergin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Lagrangian Data

scholarly journals REGIONAL COOPERATION ON THE BLACK SEA: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
E. D. Eshba
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Transportation Routes

Throughout the history The Black Sea region attracted attention of both regional states and those lying far beyond its borders . One of the main reasons for increased attention to the Black Sea coast is its transit location : it is crossed by transport routes connecting the West with the states of Central Asia and Transcaucasia that are rich by hydrocarbon resources . A large-scale and fairly ambitious gas pipeline projects that are scheduled to take place on the territory of the Black Sea countries and across the Black Sea lead us to expect the increasing role of the Black Sea region in the world economic system. In this regard, the author brings to light the problem of the main stages of the development of cooperation among the Black Sea countries be means of analysis of the most successful attempts at regional cooperation. Special attention is paid to the policy of Turkey in the Black Sea and on the interactions of two major regional actors (Russia and Turkey) . In addition, the work highlights the most promising areas of transport, logistics , trade and economic development of the region , including the project of ring highway around the Black Sea, as well as prospects for the intensification of maritime transport and the development of new marine transportation routes. To summarize, the author concludes that , despite the development of cooperation in the region , there are problems in the formation of a comprehensive system of regional security and cooperation, so as major obstacles to the successful implementation of the plan of cooperation in the Black Sea region still remain .

Legal and Economic Consequences of Russia's Expansionary Policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Giga Abuseridze ◽  
Janis Grasis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the recent history of the world, especially in the last two decades, large-scale military actions by Russia and Russian intervention have attracted wide international attention. Russia's increasingly confrontational stance has been manifested in military interventions in Georgia (2008) and in Ukraine (2014). The occupation/annexation of the territories of Georgia and Ukraine by the Russian Federation is a gross violation of the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country, as well as of the norms and principles of international law, that have significantly changed the international order established between the states and called into question the security of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a legal analysis of Russia's aggressive policy and the economic consequences of Ukraine and Georgia as aggrieved parties.

Pan-European freshwater resources in a changing environment: how will the Black Sea region develop?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Flörke ◽  
I. Bärlund ◽  
C. Schneider ◽  
E. Kynast
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Water Model ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Freshwater Resources ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Water Withdrawals

Climate change and socio-economic driving forces will affect Europe's future freshwater resources. A large-scale water model is used to analyse these effects and to identify ‘hot spots’ of water stress in the Black Sea region, as an example of an area where future water demand is expected to exceed the available water resources. Two scenarios are analysed, describing different developments of water withdrawals. Depending on the scenario, water stress increases or decreases due to changing water withdrawals which are identified as the principal cause of additional water stress in the future. According to the ‘economic-oriented’ pathway, water withdrawals are expected to increase by 58%. In Turkey and Bulgaria where water is already scarce, a further decrease in water availability will exacerbate the situation. By contrast, the ‘quality of life oriented’ scenario, assuming raised awareness to save water, results in a reduction of water withdrawals by approximately 59%. The situation of decreasing availability and increasing demand leads to growing competition between users and may finally end in cross-sectoral conflicts. This type of modelling study helps to prepare and foresee which kind of management options (in which sectors especially, and where) would be required to reduce ecological, economic and social consequences.

scholarly journals Black Sea Region Security, Cyber Warfare, and New Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(15)/2020 (2(15)/2020) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Thornike Zelelashvili
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
New Research

In the wake of technological advances, cyber-attacks are becoming more dangerous, becoming a part of everyday life and an element of all conventional warfare. For Black Sea countries as well as the rest of the world, security is paramount. In discussing the issue, we must analyse the opportunities that the countries of the Black Sea basin have, first of all, the threats posed by Russia. This unpredictable state is carrying out the occupation of territories, military aggression, and large-scale cyber-attacks in this region, which is not a guarantee of peace and security. Russia is trying to influence almost the whole world and especially the Black Sea region – Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia with large-scale cyber-hacking attacks and continuous disinformation fake news. Against the background of cyberattacks and misinformation propaganda, it is difficult to determine what kind of safe environment can be created in this region. This requires new research, recommendations, scientific papers, defence strategies. Cooperation with the EU and NATO needs to be strengthened. Following the Warsaw Summit, the Euro-Atlantic Alliance enacted Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, that is, the principle of ‘collective defence’ in terms of cyber warfare, cyber-attacks, and cyberterrorism. The topic discusses the cybersecurity issues and defence mechanisms of the countries of the Black Sea region, as well as the ongoing processes in the field of cybersecurity in this region. The paper discusses the threats and risks posed by Russia in the field of cybersecurity, as well as its impact on world politics.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Long-Term Variability of Coccolithophores in the Black Sea According to Remote Sensing Data and the Results of Field Investigations

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Vostokov ◽  
Anastasia S. Vostokova ◽  
Svetlana V. Vazyulya
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Mass Development ◽  
Upper Mixed Layer

Based on satellite data from the SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua, and MODIS-Terra scanners, the long-term dynamics of coccolithophores in the Black Sea and their large-scale heterogeneity have been studied. During the twenty years in May and June, mass development of coccolithophores population of different intensities was recorded annually. Summer blooms of coccolithophores reached peak levels in 2006, 2012, and 2017, after abnormally cold winters. It was noted that in conditions of low summer temperatures, the blooming of coccolithophores could be significantly reduced or acquire a local character (2004). In the anomalous cold summer of 2001, coccolithophore blooms were replaced by the mass growth of diatoms. Over twenty years, numerous signs of coccolithophores mass development in the cold season have been revealed. Winter blooms develop mainly in warm winters with periods of low wind activity. The formation of a thermocline and the surface layer’s stability are essential factors for initiating winter blooms of coccolithophores. It was noted that after the winter blooms of coccolithophores, their summer growth was poorly expressed. It is shown that during periods of rapid growth, the bulk of coccolithophores is concentrated in the upper mixed layer and thermocline. During the blooming period, the share of coccolithophores in phytoplankton biomass constituted 70–85%. The intensity of coccolithophore’s blooms is associated with the previous diatoms’ growth level. The effect of eddies circulation on the distribution and growth of coccolithophores is considered.

Geodynamic evolution of the East Carpathian Foreland Basin since the Middle Miocene: Implications for sediment supply to the Black Sea and Dacian Basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan de Leeuw ◽  
Stephen Vincent ◽  
Anton Matoshko ◽  
Andrei Matoshko ◽  
Marius Stoica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Foreland Basin ◽  
Continental Collision ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Accretionary Wedge ◽  
Sedimentary Architecture ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Carpathian orogen is part of the Alpine-Himalayan collision zone and formed as the result of the collision of the Tisza-Dacia and ALCAPA mega-units with the European southern margin, following a protracted phase of subduction, slab roll-back and accretionary wedge formation. The foreland basin of the East Carpathians is 800 km long and stretches out across Poland, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. We use the results of our intensive field research to unravel the sedimentary architecture of this basin and reveal how it responded to the final phases of foreland vergent thrusting, continental collision and subsequent slab detachment. We discuss the asymmetry in the basins evolution and eventual inversion and relate this to the diachronous evolution of the Carpathian orogen. We also address the impact of changing subsidence patterns and base-level changes on connectivity with the Central and Eastern Paratethys, important for faunal exchange and patterns of endemism. We finally show that continental collision led to the establishment of a Late Miocene NW-SE prograding axial drainage system in the foreland supplying abundant sediment to the NW Black Sea, thus triggering large-scale shelf edge progradation.</p>

scholarly journals Intense Cyclones in the Black Sea Region: Change, Variability, Predictability and Manifestations in the Storm Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4468
Author(s):  
Veronika N. Maslova ◽  
Elena N. Voskresenskaya ◽  
Andrey S. Lubkov ◽  
Aleksandr V. Yurovsky ◽  
Viktor Y. Zhuravskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Cyclonic Activity ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Storm Activity ◽  
Black Sea Region

Cyclonic activity in the midlatitudes is a form of general atmospheric circulation, and the most intense cyclones are the cause of hydrometeorological anomalies that lead to economic damage, casualties and human losses. This paper examines the features of variability of intense cyclonic activity in the Black Sea region and the examples of their regional manifestations in the storm types. Based on 6-hourly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on 1000 hPa geopotential height fields with 2° × 2° spatial resolution and using the methodology by M.Yu. Bardin, objective data were obtained for the identification and estimation of the frequency of deep cyclones (reaching 0.75 and 0.95 quantiles by intensity and depth—intense and extreme cyclones, respectively) for the Black Sea region during the period 1951–2017. Additionally, a specific methodology of more precise cyclone identification based on spherical spline interpolation was successfully applied, and then the two methodologies were compared. The key point of the study is the following: In the background of negative significant linear trends and interdecadal variability (period of about 35 years), typical scales of their interannual variability on the periods of about 2.5–3.5 and 6–8 years were identified. These periods coincide with the time scales of the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Nino–Southern Oscillation, providing an outlook for further study of the patterns of their connection. Besides, seasonal forecasts of frequency of intense cyclones in the Black Sea region were successfully modeled using an artificial neural network technique. Finally, the case studies of regional manifestations of deep cyclones in the types of storms in the northern Black Sea coast revealed substantial differences in the location of deep centers of cyclones and storm tracks associated with the large-scale pressure fields.

scholarly journals Sulfurization of dissolved organic matter in the anoxic water column of the Black Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. eabf6199
Author(s):  
Gonzalo V. Gomez-Saez ◽  
Thorsten Dittmar ◽  
Moritz Holtappels ◽  
Anika M. Pohlabeln ◽  
Anna Lichtschlag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sulfur Species ◽  
Reduced Sulfur

Today’s oceans store as much dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the water column as there is CO2 in the atmosphere, and as such dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of the global carbon cycle. It was shown that in anoxic marine sediments, reduced sulfur species (e.g., H2S) abiotically react with organic matter, contributing to carbon preservation. It is not known whether such processes also contribute to preserving DOM in ocean waters. Here, we show DOM sulfurization within the sulfidic waters of the Black Sea, by combining elemental, isotopic, and molecular analyses. Dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) is formed largely in the water column and not derived from sediments or allochthonous nonmarine sources. Our findings suggest that during large-scale anoxic events, DOM may accumulate through abiotic reactions with reduced sulfur species, having long-lasting effects on global climate by enhancing organic carbon sequestration.

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