Coupled hydromechanical-thermochemical processes in rock fractures

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Fu Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Rock Fractures ◽  
Thermochemical Processes

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

Solar assisted catalytic thermochemical processes: pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 669-682
Author(s):  
Raíssa Aparecida da Silveira Rossi ◽  
Janaína Miranda Barbosa ◽  
Marcos Antonio de Souza Barrozo ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Thermochemical Processes

scholarly journals Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Joakim Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Process Integration ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Capacity Cost

Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at ambient moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to both the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option for the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.

scholarly journals Hydro-mechanical measurements and x-ray imaging of sheared crystalline rock fractures from EGS Collab experiments 1 & 2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Meng ◽  
Luke P Frash ◽  
Wenfeng Li ◽  
Nathan J Welch ◽  
James William Carey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Rock ◽  
Rock Fractures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical Measurements ◽  
X Ray Imaging

Use of Wood Biomass in Slovakia

2014 ◽  
Vol 1001 ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bakalár ◽  
Henrieta Pavolová ◽  
Milan Búgel ◽  
Ľubica Kozáková
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Thermochemical Processes

Biomass is organic material, the second most important source of energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source. Wood biomass is used as source of energy for heating in many regions in Slovakia. It is because of its availability. Wood biomass is an easily accessible and affordable source of energy. At present, thermochemical processes, biochemical processes and physical-chemical processes are used for biomass utilization. In the article a suitable technology for combustion of wood chips is proposed. It consists of five main technological parts: transport of wood chips, silo, combustion boiler, and stack.

Physico-chemical Characterization of Forest and Agricultural Residues for Energy Conversion Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hong Nam ◽  
Le Gia Thanh Truc ◽  
Khuong Duy Anh ◽  
Laurent Van De Steene
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
The Difference

Agricultural and forest residues are potential sources of renewable energy in various countries. However, the difference in characteristics of biomass resources presents challenges for energy conversion processes which often require feedstocks that are physically and chemically consistent. This study presented a complete and comprehensive database of characteristics of a wide range of agricultural and forest residues. Moisture, bulk density, calorific value, proximate and elemental compositions, as well as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compositions of a wide range of biomass residues were analyzed. The major impacts of the variability in biomass compositions to biochemical and thermochemical processes were also discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document