scholarly journals Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (11) ◽  
pp. 6175-6195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Corbin ◽  
S. M. Pieber ◽  
H. Czech ◽  
M. Zanatta ◽  
G. Jakobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Engine

scholarly journals Trace Metals in Soot and PM2.5 from Heavy-Fuel-Oil Combustion in a Marine Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 6714-6722 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Corbin ◽  
A. A. Mensah ◽  
S. M. Pieber ◽  
J. Orasche ◽  
B. Michalke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Engine

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of Heavy Fuel Oil Spray and Combustion under Low-Speed Marine Engine-Like Conditions

Energies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Aifang Shao ◽  
Haiqiao Wei ◽  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Engine ◽  
Low Speed

scholarly journals Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European Emission Control Areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3577-3596 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Moldanová ◽  
E. Fridell ◽  
H. Winnes ◽  
S. Holmin-Fridell ◽  
J. Boman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Load Conditions

Abstract. In this paper emission factors (EFs) for particulate matter (PM) and some sub-components as well as gaseous substances were investigated in two onboard measurement campaigns. Emissions from two 4-stroke main engines were measured under stable-load conditions. The impact of varying engine load on the emissions was investigated on one of the engines, and the impact of fuel quality on the other, where heavy fuel oil (HFO) with sulphur content 1% and 0.5% and marine gas oil (MGO) with sulphur content 0.1% were used. Furthermore, emissions from one auxiliary engine were studied. The measured EFs for PM mass were in the range of 0.3 to 2.7 g kg−1 fuel with the lowest values for emissions from the combustion of MGO, and the highest values for HFO with a sulphur content of 1%. The PM mass size distribution was dominated by particles in accumulation mode. Emission factors for particle numbers EF(PN) in the range of 5 × 1015–1 × 1017 # kg−1 fuel were found, the number concentration was dominated by particles in the ultrafine mode and ca. 2/3 of the particle number were non-volatile. The most abundant component of the PM mass was organic carbon, making up 25–60% of the PM. The measured EFs for organic carbon (OC) were 0.6 g kg−1 fuel for HFO and 0.2 g kg−1 fuel for MGO. Elemental carbon (EC) made up 10–38% of the PM mass, with no significant differences between HFO and MGO fuels. The concentrations of metals on sampled filters were investigated with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and the detected metal elements in exhaust when using HFO was concluded to originate from both the fuel (V, Ni, Fe) and the lubricant (Ca, Zn), while for the case of MGO combustion, most of the metals were concluded to originate from the lubricants. The measured emission factors for sulphate particles, EF (SO2−4), were low, ca. 0.1–0.2 g kg−1 fuel for HFO with 1% sulphur, 0.07–0.09 g kg−1 fuel for HFO with 0.5% sulphur and 0.003–0.006 g kg−1 fuel for MGO. This corresponds to 0.1–0.8% and 0.1–0.6% of fuel S converted to PM sulphate for HFO and MGO, respectively. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of the collected PM showed three different types of particles: relatively pure soot; char and char-mineral particles; and amorphous, probably organic particles containing inorganic impurities. The maps of elements obtained from STEM showed a heterogeneous composition of primary soot particles with respect to the trace metals and sulphur. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) of PM showed higher soot oxidation reactivity compared to automotive diesel soot, PM from the HFO exhaust being more reactive than PM from the MGO exhaust. Oxidative potential measured as the rate of consumption of Dithiothreitol (DTT) was for the first time measured on PM from ship exhaust. The obtained values were between 0.01 and 0.04 nmol DTT min−1 μg−1 PM, which is quite similar to oxidative potentials of PM collected at urban and traffic sites. The data obtained during the experiments add information about emission factors for both gaseous and PM-bound compounds from ship engines using different fuels and under different engine-load conditions. Observed variability of the EFs illustrates uncertainties of these emission factors as a result of influences from fuel and lubricant composition, from differences between individual engines and from the differences in sampling conditions.

Comparison of filter smoke number and elemental carbon from thermal optical analysis of marine diesel engine exhaust

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 602-609
Author(s):  
Maija Kaarina Lappi ◽  
Jyrki Matias Ristimäki
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Soot Emission ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Carbon Soot

The interest on contribution of shipping to global warming and especially on polar ice melting has increased. The International Maritime Organization is working toward reporting and estimation of black carbon emissions from shipping. The filter smoke number method is discussed as one possible candidate for onboard determination of black carbon/soot concentration of the engine exhaust gas, and it has recently been considered as one of the best candidates for further evaluation in the International Council on Clean Transportation 4th workshop on marine black carbon emission. Proven, standardized technology and small size and simple operation of the filter smoke meter make it a potential choice for actual onboard use. In our study, we evaluated the validity of the filter smoke number method for measuring soot emission by looking at correlations between the filter smoke number and elemental carbon analyzed using thermal optical transmittance analysis. Until now the conversion of the filter smoke number to black carbon /soot emission has been performed with equations derived from high-speed engines operating with distillate fuels. We introduce optimized calculation parameters for filter smoke number to black carbon/soot conversion, which are derived from light and heavy fuel oil measurements. These new parameters can be utilized with improved accuracy for the estimation of the black carbon emission from filter smoke number measurement with marine fuel qualities.

Development of surrogate fuels for heavy fuel oil in marine engine

Energy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 961-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuxiu Sun ◽  
Xingyu Liang ◽  
Gequn Shu ◽  
Hanzhengnan Yu ◽  
Hai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Engine ◽  
Surrogate Fuels

SIZE-DISTRIBUTIONS AND MIXTURES OF DUST AND BLACK CARBON AEROSOL: RESOLVING THEIR PHYSIO-CHEMISTRY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. S1217-S1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. CLARKE ◽  
Y. SHINOZUKA ◽  
V.N. KAPUSTIN ◽  
S. HOWELL ◽  
B. HUEBERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Black Carbon Aerosol

scholarly journals Optical-chemical-microphysical relationships and closure studies for mixed carbonaceous aerosols observed at Jeju Island; 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer, particle sizing, and filter analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 10387-10398 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Flowers ◽  
M. K. Dubey ◽  
C. Mazzoleni ◽  
E. A. Stone ◽  
J. J. Schauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Photoacoustic Spectrometer ◽  
Filter Analysis ◽  
Pollution Plumes

Abstract. Transport of aerosols in pollution plumes from the mainland Asian continent was observed in situ at Jeju, South Korea during the Cheju Asian Brown Cloud Plume-Asian Monsoon Experiment (CAPMEX) field campaign throughout August and September 2008 using a 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer (PASS-3), chemical filter analysis, and size distributions. The PASS-3 directly measures the effects of morphology (e.g. coatings) on light absorption that traditional filter-based instruments are unable to address. Transport of mixed sulfate, carbonaceous, and nitrate aerosols from various Asian pollution plumes to Jeju accounted for 74% of the deployment days, showing large variations in their measured chemical and optical properties. Analysis of eight distinct episodes, spanning wide ranges of chemical composition, optical properties, and source regions, reveals that episodes with higher organic carbon (OC)/sulfate (SO42−) and nitrate (NO3−)/SO42− composition ratios exhibit lower single scatter albedo at shorter wavelengths (ω405). We infer complex refractive indices (n–ik) as a function of wavelength for the high, intermediate, and low OC/SO42− pollution episodes by using the observed particle size distributions and the measured optical properties. The smallest mean particle diameter corresponds to the high OC/SO42− aerosol episode. The imaginary part of the refractive index (k) is greater for the high OC/SO42− episode at all wavelengths. A distinct, sharp increase in k at short wavelength implies enhanced light absorption by OC, which accounts for 50% of the light absorption at 405 nm, in the high OC/SO42− episode. Idealized analysis indicates increased absorption at 781 nm by factors greater than 3 relative to denuded black carbon in the laboratory. We hypothesize that coatings of black carbon cores are the mechanism of this enhancement. This implies that climate warming and atmospheric heating rates from black carbon particles can be significantly larger than have been estimated previously. The results of this study demonstrate ways in which atmospheric processing and mixing can amplify particle light absorption for carbonaceous aerosol, significantly at short wavelength, underscoring the need to understand and predict chemical composition effects on optical properties to accurately estimate the climate radiative forcing by mixed carbonaceous aerosols.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document