scholarly journals A Two-Way Relationship Between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Eos ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Bane
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Surface Temperatures

Researchers have uncovered a new connection between sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic and tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific that could improve accuracies of future cyclone forecasts.

Cooling and freshening of the eastern equatorial Pacific over the last 2000 years

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Rustic ◽  
Athanasios Koutavas ◽  
Thomas Marchitto
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Eastern Equatorial Pacific

<p>Sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific exert powerful influence on the climate beyond the tropics through strong atmosphere-ocean coupling. Records of eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures are of vital importance for identifying the linkages between short-term climate variability and long-term climate trends. Here we reconstruct eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature and salinity from paired trace metal and stable isotope analyses in foraminifera from a sediment core near the Galápagos Islands. Sea surface temperatures are correlated with reconstructed Northern and Southern hemisphere temperature records suggesting a common origin. We propose that this temperature signal originates in the extra-tropics and is transmitted to the eastern Pacific surface via its source waters. We find exceptions to this cooling during the Little Ice Age and during the last century, where notable sea surface temperature increases are observed. We calculate δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>sw </sub>from paired stable isotope and trace element analyses and derive salinity, which reveals a significant trend toward fresher surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The overall trend toward cooler and fresher sea surface conditions is consistent with longer-term trends from both the Eastern and Western Pacific.</p>

scholarly journals A Hydrodynamical Atmosphere/Ocean Coupled Modeling System for Multiple Tropical Cyclones

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Ghassan J. Alaka ◽  
Dmitry Sheinin ◽  
Biju Thomas ◽  
Lew Gramer ◽  
Zhan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Coupling Scheme ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Impact

The goal of this paper is to introduce a new multi-storm atmosphere/ocean coupling scheme that was implemented and tested in the Basin-Scale Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF-B) model. HWRF-B, an experimental model developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and supported by the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program, is configured with multiple storm-following nested domains to produce high-resolution predictions for several tropical cyclones (TCs) within the same forecast integration. The new coupling scheme parallelizes atmosphere/ocean interactions for each nested domain in HWRF-B, and it may be applied to any atmosphere/ocean coupled system. TC forecasts from this new hydrodynamical modeling system were produced in the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific from 2017–2019. The performance of HWRF-B was evaluated, including forecasts of TC track, intensity, structure (e.g., surface wind radii), and intensity change, and simulated sea-surface temperatures were compared with satellite observations. Median forecast skill scores showed significant improvement over the operational HWRF at most forecast lead times for track, intensity, and structure. Sea-surface temperatures cooled by 1–8 °C for the five HWRF-B case studies, demonstrating the utility of the model to study the impact of the ocean on TC intensity forecasting. These results show the value of a multi-storm modeling system and provide confidence that the multi-storm coupling scheme was implemented correctly. Future TC models within NOAA, especially the Unified Forecast System’s Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System, would benefit from the multi-storm coupling scheme whose utility and performance are demonstrated in HWRF-B here.

Sea-surface temperatures and tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Michaels ◽  
Paul C. Knappenberger ◽  
Robert E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Atlantic Basin ◽  
Surface Temperatures

scholarly journals A Cooler Climate Would Trigger More Tropical Cyclones

Eos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
New Model ◽  
Surface Temperatures

New model reveals tropical cyclones could form at lower sea surface temperatures than previously thought.

scholarly journals Tropical Cyclone Formation in Environments with Cool SST and High Wind Shear over the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean*

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1433-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel G. Mauk ◽  
Jay S. Hobgood
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Tropical Cyclone Formation ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Northeastern Atlantic

Abstract Tropical cyclones with nontropical characteristics are being identified more frequently over the North Atlantic Ocean in recent years. These systems present forecasting challenges because of their hybrid structure. The authors analyze environmental conditions preceding the formation of 20 late-season northeastern Atlantic tropical cyclones identified during the 1975–2005 seasons. A recent tropical storm, Grace (2009), is discussed as a case study. Seventeen of the 20 systems originated from nontropical systems (surface low, frontal weak, and frontal strong). Three tropical cyclones experienced nontropical influences during development despite originating from tropical waves. Ambient sea surface temperatures, relative vorticity, vertical temperature profiles, and wind shear are investigated to identify conditions conducive to tropical cyclone formation. Tropical cyclones developing from nontropical precursors form in environments distinct from the classical tropical cyclone environment. For 17 systems, sea surface temperatures are cooler than 26°C. Stability analysis suggests that convection is shallow. Wind shear decreases for the 850–300-hPa layer in comparison to the 850–200-hPa layer. Most systems still experience shear in excess of 8 m s−1 for the 850–300-hPa layer. It is suggested that late-season tropical cyclones in this region are shallower in vertical extent than typical tropical cyclones, which reduces the impact of strong wind shear in the 850–200-hPa layer.

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