scholarly journals Imprint of the El Niño Modoki on decadal sea level changes

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (23) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Swadhin Behera ◽  
Toshio Yamagata
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
El Niño Modoki

scholarly journals Technical Note: Mean sea level variation in the Singapore Strait from long-term tide data

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2255-2271
Author(s):  
P. Tkalich ◽  
M. T. Babu ◽  
P. Vethamony
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
Sea Level Variation ◽  
Singapore Strait

Abstract. Winds over the South China Sea (SCS) are primarily responsible for the observed variability in sea level anomalies (SLAs) in the Singapore Strait (SS). The present study focuses on remote forcing contributing to local mean sea level changes in the SS in seasonal and inter-annual scales, and relating the long term mean sea level variation to El Niño/ENSO. As Tanjong Pagar (TP) tide station in the SS has nearly 23.5 yr (1984–2007) of time series data with less data gaps, this data was subject to harmonic and sea level analyses. The mean sea level changes suggest that the fluctuations are quasi-periodic. Rising and falling of sea level is noticed atleast 7 times in a period of 15 yr, with 3 distinct sharp falls (1984–1987, 1989–1992 and 1995–1996) and 4 sharp rises (1987–1988, 1992–1993, 1994–1995 and 1997–1999). These sea level falls are related to El Niño events. When we segregated the results into 2 time spans, we find that from 1984 to 1999 the sea level was on the rising trend in spite of sharp falls, and from 1999 to 2007 on gradual falling trend. More or less similar trend was observed by other researchers for the SCS with altimetry data. During the El Niño periods of 1987 and 1992, the inter-annual MSL variability is the highest, of the order of 7 cm. In one of the events, sea level recovered from a fall of 60 mm (in 1987) to a rise of 40 mm (in 1988). During 1992 to 1999, sea level was continuously on rising trend (from −50 mm to +60 mm), except in one year (1995–1996). The analysis shows a MSL rise rate of 15.7 mm yr−1, which is very closer to MSL in the SCS. The average rate of sea level rise around Singapore as shown by the Tanjong Pagar tidal station is 1.6 mm yr−1, and this matches with the global sea level rise.

scholarly journals Sea level changes in the Pacific region and impacts of the 2009 El Niño in Fiji waters [assessment from 18 years land-based data]

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Than Aung ◽  
Awnesh Singh ◽  
Dayang Siti Maryam
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Pacific

The sea level rise issue is one of the major topics that has gained increasing global attention. In particular, its impacts on many Pacific island countries and other low lying countries have been more prevalent over the last two decades. Sea level data from the AusAID funded South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project will be focused in this study despite the fact that the length of data is not sufficiently long. The project was set up in response to concerns raised by Pacific island countries over the potential impacts of an enhanced greenhouse effect on climate and sea levels in the South Pacific initially for 20 years and probably more. Based upon 18 years of sea level data from the project, the range of sea level rise rate in the Pacific region is between 3.1 mm y–1 (Kiribati) and 8.4 mm y–1 (Tonga) as of June 2011. This is 3–4 times higher than the global average of 1–2 mm y–1. Although the data length is for the last 18 years, the sea level trend values do not fluctuate significantly since 2002. It simply indicates that the rate of sea level rise in the Pacific region is not accelerating as anticipated by the local community. Interestingly, the profound effects of El Niño on sea level changes are quite unpredictable even during the 2009 mild El Niño. In two particular spots in the Pacific and their vicinities (at latitude 12°S & longitude 180°E and latitude 14°S & longitude 157°E) sea level drop in these areas is ~40 cm during March 2010. Although the present effect of El Niño on sea level changes is isolated and not Pacific wide like in 1997–98 El Niño, it simply indicates the complexity of sea level issue and danger of projecting future sea level trends at a particular area.

scholarly journals The Response of Tropical Atmospheric Energy Budgets to ENSO*

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4710-4724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mayer ◽  
Kevin E. Trenberth ◽  
Leopold Haimberger ◽  
John T. Fasullo
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
El Niño Modoki ◽  
Static Energy ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract The variability of zonally resolved tropical energy budgets in association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated. The most recent global atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2011 are employed with removal of apparent discontinuities to obtain best possible temporal homogeneity. The growing length of record allows a more robust analysis of characteristic patterns of variability with cross-correlation, composite, and EOF methods. A quadrupole anomaly pattern is found in the vertically integrated energy divergence associated with ENSO, with centers over the Indian Ocean, the Indo-Pacific warm pool, the eastern equatorial Pacific, and the Atlantic. The smooth transition, particularly of the main maxima of latent and dry static energy divergence, from the western to the eastern Pacific is found to require at least two EOFs to be adequately described. The canonical El Niño pattern (EOF-1) and a transition pattern (EOF-2; referred to as El Niño Modoki by some authors) form remarkably coherent ENSO-related anomaly structures of the tropical energy budget not only over the Pacific but throughout the tropics. As latent and dry static energy divergences show strong mutual cancellation, variability of total energy divergence is smaller and more tightly coupled to local sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and is mainly related to the ocean heat discharge and recharge during ENSO peak phases. The complexity of the structures throughout the tropics and their evolution during ENSO events along with their interactions with the annual cycle have often not been adequately accounted for; in particular, the El Niño Modoki mode is but part of the overall evolutionary patterns.

scholarly journals Climate Change Implications Found in Winter Extreme Sea Level Height Records around Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Dong Eun Lee ◽  
Jaehee Kim ◽  
Yujin Heo ◽  
Hyunjin Kang ◽  
Eun Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Storm Tracks ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Height

The impact of climatic variability in atmospheric conditions on coastal environments accompanies adjustments in both the frequency and intensity of coastal storm surge events. The top winter season daily maximum sea level height events at 20 tidal stations around South Korea were examined to assess such impact of winter extratropical cyclone variability. As the investigation focusses on the most extreme sea level events, the impact of climate change is found to be invisible. It is revealed that the measures of extreme sea level events—frequency and intensity—do not correlate with the local sea surface temperature anomalies. Meanwhile, the frequency of winter extreme events exhibits a clear association with the concurrent climatic indices. It was determined that the annual frequency of the all-time top 5% winter daily maximum sea level events significantly and positively correlates with the NINO3.4 and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices at the majority of the 20 tidal stations. Hence, this indicates an increase in extreme event frequency and intensity, despite localized temperature cooling. This contradicts the expectation of increases in local extreme sea level events due to thermal expansion and global climate change. During El Nino, it is suggested that northward shifts of winter storm tracks associated with El Nino occur, disturbing the sea level around Korea more often. The current dominance of interannual storm track shifts, due to climate variability, over the impact of slow rise on the winter extreme sea level events, implies that coastal extreme sea level events will change through changes in the mechanical drivers rather than thermal expansion. The major storm tracks are predicted to continue shifting northward. The winter extreme sea level events in the midlatitude coastal region might not go through a monotonic change. They are expected to occur more often and more intensively in the near future, but might not continue doing so when northward shifting storm tracks move away from the marginal seas around Korea, as is predicted by the end of the century.

scholarly journals Recent El-Nino classification and associated climate response comparisons for the Atlantic-Eurasian region

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
A.S. Lubkov ◽  
◽  
E.N. Voskresenskaya ◽  
O.V. Marchukova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Climate Anomalies ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Eurasian Region

Comparative study of El Nino classification after different authors results and approaches. The preferences of objective spatio-temporal classification which done earlier by the authors of present paper were shown for climate manifestation study over the Atlanic-Eurasian region. Using of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on sea level pressure in 1948-2016 the El-Nino types manifestations were estimated in Azor high, Iceland low and Siberian anticyclone. On this basis, appropriate prognostic estimates of typical climate anomalies in the Atlantic-Eurasian region are made. Next, the previous predictions of typical climate anomalies in the Atlantic-Eurasian region associated with El Nino types were done in the paper.

scholarly journals Coral mortality induced by the 2015–2016 El-Niño in Indonesia: the effect of rapid sea level fall

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽  
Ofri Johan ◽  
Christophe E. Menkes ◽  
Fernando Niño ◽  
Florence Birol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Altimetry Data ◽  
Bathymetric Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Coral Genus

Abstract. The 2015–2016 El-Niño and related ocean warming has generated significant coral bleaching and mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, the first signs of bleaching were reported in April 2016. However, this El Niño has impacted Indonesian coral reefs since 2015 through a different process than temperature-induced bleaching. In September 2015, altimetry data show that sea level was at its lowest in the past 12 years, affecting corals living in the bathymetric range exposed to unusual emersion. In March 2016, Bunaken Island (North Sulawesi) displayed up to 85 % mortality on reef flats dominated by Porites, Heliopora and Goniastrea corals with differential mortality rates by coral genus. Almost all reef flats showed evidence of mortality, representing 30 % of Bunaken reefs. For reef flat communities which were living at a depth close to the pre-El Niño mean low sea level, the fall induced substantial mortality likely by higher daily aerial exposure, at least during low tide periods. Altimetry data were used to map sea level fall throughout Indonesia, suggesting that similar mortality could be widespread for shallow reef flat communities, which accounts for a vast percent of the total extent of coral reefs in Indonesia. The altimetry historical records also suggest that such an event was not unique in the past two decades, therefore rapid sea level fall could be more important in the dynamics and resilience of Indonesian reef flat communities than previously thought. The clear link between mortality and sea level fall also calls for a refinement of the hierarchy of El Niño impacts and their consequences on coral reefs.

The El Niño Modoki

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-114
Author(s):  
Shamal Marathe ◽  
Ashok Karumuri
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
El Niño Modoki
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