scholarly journals ICESat measurements of sea ice freeboard and estimates of sea ice thickness in the Weddell Sea

2008 ◽  
Vol 113 (C2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jay Zwally ◽  
Donghui Yi ◽  
Ron Kwok ◽  
Yunhe Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness

scholarly journals ICESat observations of seasonal and interannual variations of sea-ice freeboard and estimated thickness in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (2003–2009)

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (57) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghui Yi ◽  
H. Jay Zwally ◽  
John W. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Seasonal And Interannual Variations

AbstractSea-ice freeboard heights for 17 ICESat campaign periods from 2003 to 2009 are derived from ICESat data. Freeboard is combined with snow depth from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) data and nominal densities of snow, water and sea ice, to estimate sea-ice thickness. Sea-ice freeboard and thickness distributions show clear seasonal variations that reflect the yearly cycle of growth and decay of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) pack ice. During October–November, sea ice grows to its seasonal maximum both in area and thickness; the mean freeboards are 0.33–0.41m and the mean thicknesses are 2.10–2.59 m. During February–March, thinner sea ice melts away and the sea-ice pack is mainly distributed in the west Weddell Sea; the mean freeboards are 0.35–0.46m and the mean thicknesses are 1.48–1.94 m. During May–June, the mean freeboards and thicknesses are 0.26–0.29m and 1.32–1.37 m, respectively. the 6 year trends in sea-ice extent and volume are (0.023±0.051)×106 km2 a–1 (0.45% a–1) and (0.007±0.092)×103 km3 a–1 (0.08% a–1); however, the large standard deviations indicate that these positive trends are not statistically significant.

Early detection of the Weddell polynya re-opening using SAR imagery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Lemos ◽  
Céline Heuzé
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Sar Imagery ◽  
Microwave Sensors

<p>The sea ice thickness in the Weddell Sea during the austral winter normally exceeds 1 m, but in the case of a polynya, this thickness decreases to 10 cm or less. There are two theories as to why the Weddell Polynya opens: 1) comparatively warm oceanic water upwelling from its nominal depth of several hundred metres to the surface where it melts the sea ice from underneath; or 2) opening of a lead by a passing storm, lead which will then be maintained open either by the atmosphere or ocean and grow. The objective of this study is to estimate how long in advance the recent Weddell Polynya opening could have been detected by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images due to the decrease of the sea ice thickness and/or early appearance of leads. We use high temporal and spatial resolution SAR images from the Sentinel-1 constellation (C-band) and ALOS2 (L-band) during the austral winters 2014-2018. We use an adapted version of the algorithm developed by Aldenhoff et al. (2018) to monitor changes in sea ice thickness over the polynya region. The algorithm detects the transition of the sea ice thickness through changes in small scale surface roughness and thus reduced backscatter, and allowing us to distinguish three different categories: ice, thin ice, and open water. The transition from ice to thin ice and then to open water indicates that the polynya is melted from under, whereas a direct transition from ice to open water will reveal leads. The high resolution and good coverage of the SAR imagery, and a combined effort of different satellites sensors (e.g. infrared and microwave sensors), opens the possibility of an early detection of Weddell Polynya opening.</p>

scholarly journals A comparison between Envisat and ICESat sea ice thickness in the Antarctic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfei Wang ◽  
Chao Min ◽  
Robert Ricker ◽  
Qinghua Yang ◽  
Qian Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Radar Altimeter ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. The crucial role that Antarctic sea ice plays in the global climate system is strongly linked to its thickness. While in situ observations are too sparse in the Antarctic to determine long-term trends of the Antarctic sea ice thickness on a global scale, satellite radar altimetry data can be applied with a promising prospect. A newly released Envisat-derived product from the European Space Agency Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative (ESA SICCI), including sea ice freeboard and sea ice thickness, covers the entire Antarctic year-round from 2002 to 2012. In this study, the SICCI Envisat sea ice thickness in the Antarctic is firstly compared with a conceptually new proposed ICESat ice thickness that has been derived from an algorithm employing modified ice density. Both data sets have been validated with the Weddell Sea upward looking sonar measurements (ULS), indicating that ICESat agrees better with field observations. The inter-comparisons are conducted for three seasons except winter based on the ICESat operating periods. According to the results, the deviations between Envisat and ICESat sea ice thickness are different considering different seasons, years and regions. More specifically, the smallest average deviation between Envisat and ICESat sea ice thickness exists in spring by −0.03 m while larger deviations exist in summer and autumn by 0.86 m and 0.62 m, respectively. Although the smallest absolute deviation occurs in spring 2005 by 0.02 m, the largest correlation coefficient appears in autumn 2004 by 0.77. The largest positive deviation occurs in the western Weddell Sea by 1.03 m in summer while the largest negative deviation occurs in the Eastern Antarctic by −0.25 m in spring. Potential reasons for those deviations mainly deduce from the limitations of Envisat radar altimeter affected by the weather conditions and the surface roughness as well as the different retrieval algorithms. The better performance in spring of Envisat has a potential relation with relative humidity.

scholarly journals Influence of the Southern Annular Mode on the sea ice-ocean system: the role of the thermal and mechanical forcing

Ocean Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lefebvre ◽  
H. Goosse
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wind Stress ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. The global sea ice-ocean model ORCA2-LIM is used to investigate the impact of the thermal and mechanical forcing associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on the Antarctic sea ice-ocean system. The model is driven by idealized forcings based on regressions between the wind stress and the air temperature at one hand and the SAM index the other hand. The wind-stress component strongly affects the overall patterns of the ocean circulation with a northward surface drift, a downwelling at about 45° S and an upwelling in the vicinity of the Antarctic continent when the SAM is positive. On the other hand, the thermal forcing has a negligible effect on the ocean currents. For sea ice, both the wind-stress (mechanical) and the air temperature (thermal) components have a significant impact. The mechanical part induces a decrease of the sea ice thickness close to the continent and a sharp decrease of the mean sea ice thickness in the Weddell sector. In general, the sea ice area also diminishes, with a maximum decrease in the Weddell Sea. On the contrary, the thermal part tends to increase the ice concentration in all sectors except in the Weddell Sea, where the ice area shrinks. This thermal effect is the strongest in autumn and in winter due to the larger temperature differences associated with the SAM during these seasons. The sum of the thermal and mechaninal effects gives a dipole response of sea ice to the SAM, with a decrease of the ice area in the Weddell Sea and around the Antarctic Peninsula and an increase in the Ross and Amundsen Seas during high SAM years. This is in good agreement with the observed response of the ice cover to the SAM.

Improved sea-ice prediction in the Weddell Sea using sea-ice thickness initialization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushi Morioka ◽  
Doroteaciro Iovino ◽  
Andrea Cipollone ◽  
Simona Masina ◽  
Swadhin Behera
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Sea Ice Concentration ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
The Antarctic

<p>Skillful sea-ice prediction in the Antarctic Ocean remains a big challenge due to paucity of sea-ice observations and insufficient representation of sea-ice processes in climate models. This study demonstrates that the Antarctic sea-ice concentration (SIC) prediction is significantly improved using a coupled general circulation model (SINTEX-F2) in which the model’s SIC and sea-ice thickness (SIT) are initialized with the ocean/sea-ice reanalysis product (C-GLORSv7). It is found that the wintertime SIT initialization adds positive values to the prediction skills of the summertime SIC, most effectively in the Weddell Sea where the SIT climatology and variability are the largest among the Antarctic Seas. Examination of the SIT balance during low sea-ice years of the Weddell Sea shows that negative SIT anomalies initialized in June retain the memory throughout austral winter (July-September) owing to horizontal advection of the SIT anomalies by sea-ice velocities. The negative SIT anomalies continue to develop in austral spring (October-December) owing to more incoming solar radiation via ice-albedo feedback and the associated warming of mixed layer. This results in further sea-ice decrease during austral summer (January-March). Concomitantly, the model reasonably reproduces atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas as well as the Weddell Sea during the development of the negative sea-ice anomalies. These results provide solid evidence that the wintertime SIT initialization benefits skillful summertime sea-ice prediction in the Antarctic Seas.</p>

scholarly journals Uncertainties in Antarctic sea-ice thickness retrieval from ICESat

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (69) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kern ◽  
Gunnar Spreen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Snow Properties ◽  
The Mean

AbstractA sensitivity study was carried out for the lowest-level elevation method to retrieve total (sea ice + snow) freeboard from Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) elevation measurements in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Varying the percentage (P) of elevations used to approximate the instantaneous sea-surface height can cause widespread changes of a few to ˃10cm in the total freeboard obtained. Other input parameters have a smaller influence on the overall mean total freeboard but can cause large regional differences. These results, together with published ICESat elevation precision and accuracy, suggest that three times the mean per gridcell single-laser-shot error budget can be used as an estimate for freeboard uncertainty. Theoretical relative ice thickness uncertainty ranges between 20% and 80% for typical freeboard and snow properties. Ice thickness is computed from total freeboard using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) snow depth data. Average ice thickness for the Weddell Sea is 1.73 ± 0.38 m for ICESat measurements from 2004 to 2006, in agreement with previous work. The mean uncertainty is 0.72 ± 0.09 m. Our comparison with data of an alternative approach, which assumes that sea-ice freeboard is zero and that total freeboard equals snow depth, reveals an average sea-ice thickness difference of ∼0.77m.

scholarly journals Sea-ice thickness in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: a comparison of model and upward-looking sonar data

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika H.H. Renner ◽  
Victoria Lytle
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Freshwater Flux ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness

AbstractSea-ice thickness is a key parameter for estimates of salt fluxes to the ocean and the contribution to global thermohaline circulation. Observations of sea-ice thickness in the Southern Ocean are sparse and difficult to collect. An exception to this data gap is time-series data from upward-looking sonars (ULS) which sample the drifting sea ice continuously. In this study we use ULS data from ten different locations over periods ranging from 9 to 25 months to compare with model data. Although these data are limited in space and time, they provide a qualitative indication of the ability of global climate models (GCMs) to adequately represent Southern Ocean sea ice. We compare the ULS data to output from four different GCMs (BCCR-BCM2.0, ECHAM5/MPI-OM, UKMO-HadCM3 and NCAR CCSM3) which were used for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They simulate the ice thickness reasonably well, but in most cases average model ice thickness is less than thicknesses derived from ULS data. The seasonal cycle produced by the models correlates well with the ULS except for locations near Maud Rise, where in summer the ULS find a low concentration of thick ice floes. This overly thin ice will have implications for both the salt flux to the central Weddell Sea during the growth season and the freshwater flux during the melt season. Using satellite-derived ice-drift data to calculate transports in the Weddell Sea, we find that the underestimation of ice thickness results in underestimated salt fluxes.

scholarly journals Three years of sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness of the Weddell Sea from Operation IceBridge and CryoSat-2

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2789-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Kwok ◽  
Sahra Kacimi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Snow Thickness

Abstract. We examine the variability of sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness in three years (2011, 2014, and 2016) of repeat surveys of an IceBridge (OIB) transect across the Weddell Sea. Averaged over this transect, ice thickness ranges from 2.40±1.07 (2011) to 2.60±1.15 m (2014) and snow depth from 35.8±11.5 (2016) to 43.6±10.2 cm (2014), suggesting a highly variable but broadly thicker ice cover compared to that inferred from drilling and ship-based measurements. Spatially, snow depth and ice thickness are higher in the more deformed ice of the western Weddell. The impact of undersampling the thin end of the snow depth distribution on the regional statistics, due to the resolution of the snow radar, is assessed. Radar freeboards (uncompensated for snow thickness) from CryoSat-2 (CS-2) sampled along the same transect are consistently higher (by up to 8 cm) than those computed using OIB data. This suggests radar scattering that originates above the snow–ice interface, possibly due to salinity in the basal layer of the snow column. Consequently, sea ice thicknesses computed using snow depth estimates solely from differencing OIB and CS-2 freeboards (without snow radar) are therefore generally higher; mean differences in sea ice thickness along a transect are up to ∼0.6 m higher (in 2014). This analysis is relevant to the use of differences between ICESat-2 and CS-2 freeboards to estimate snow depth for ice thickness calculations. Our analysis also suggests that, even with these expected biases, this is an improvement over the assumption that snow depth is equal to the total freeboard, with which the underestimation of thickness could be up to a meter. Importantly, better characterization of the source of these biases is critical for obtaining improved estimates and understanding the limits of retrievals of Weddell Sea ice thickness from satellite altimeters.

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