scholarly journals Hygroscopic and optical properties of organic sea salt aerosol and consequences for climate forcing

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Randles
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol

scholarly journals Laboratory measurements of the optical properties of sea salt aerosol

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Irshad ◽  
R. G. Grainger ◽  
D. M. Peters ◽  
R. A. McPheat ◽  
K. M. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Band Model ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Ftir Spectrometer

Abstract. The extinction spectra of laboratory generated sea salt aerosols have been measured from 1 μm to 20 μm using a Bruker 66v/S FTIR spectrometer. Concomitant measurements include temperature, pressure, relative humidity and the aerosol size distribution. The refractive indices of the sea salt have been determined using a simple harmonic oscillator band model (Thomas et al., 2004) for aerosol with relative humidities between 0.1% to 100% sea salt. The resulting refractive index spectra show significant discrepancies when compared to existing sea salt refractive indices.

scholarly journals On the evaluation of global sea-salt aerosol models at coastal/orographic sites

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Spada ◽  
O. Jorba ◽  
C. Pérez García-Pando ◽  
Z. Janjic ◽  
J.M. Baldasano
Keyword(s):  
Sea Salt ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol

scholarly journals Solute in high arctic glacier snow cover and its impact on runoff chemistry

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hodgkins ◽  
Martyn Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Potential Contributor ◽  
Arctic Glacier

The chemical composition of snow and meltwater in the 13 km2 catchment of Scott Turnerbreen, Svalbard, was investigated during the spring and summer of 1993. This paper assesses the provenance of solute in the snowpack and its impact on runoff chemistry. Dry snow contains 420μeql-1 of solute, is slightly acidic (pH 5.4) and is dominated by Na+ and Cl-. Wet snow is more dilute (total concentration 340μeql-1), and less acidic (pH 5.9). This is consistent with the elution of ions from the snowpack by meltwater. Snowpack solute can be partitioned into the following fractions: sea-salt aerosol, acid aerosol and crustal. About 98% of snowpack solute is sea salt, yielding 22000 kg km-2a-1. The behaviour of snowpack-derived Cl- in runoff is distinctive, peaking at over 800 μeql-1 early in the melt season as runoff picks up, before declining quasi-exponentially. This represents the discharge of snowmelt concentrated by elution within the snowpack which subsequently becomes relatively dilute. A solute yield of 140 kg km-2 a-1 can be attributed to anthropogenically generated acid aerosols, representing long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants, a potential contributor to Arctic runoff acidification.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOLS IN BEIJING-TIANJIN AREA OF CHINA BY PIXE AND INAA AND IDENTIFICATION OF THEIR SOURCES BY CEB

1992 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Yin ◽  
Liu Pingsheng ◽  
Hu Zhaohui ◽  
Zhong Ming ◽  
Yang Shaojin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Soil Dust ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Limestone Dust

Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) techniques were used to measure the contents of 45 elements in 150 air-filter samples collected by cascade impactor with 8 stages at 10 sites in Beijing-Tianjin area of China during the periods of the winter of 1983 and the summer of 1984. It was noticed that the toxic elements such as As, Sb, Se, Pb, Hg, Cu and Ni were mainly enriched in fine particles with diameter less than 2 um. The major seven sources of coal burning, soil dust, oi1 burning, sea-salt aerosol, motor vehicle emission, limestone dust and industrial refuse attributing to the pollution in Tianjin area were identified by Chemical Elements Balance method (CEB). Among them the most important sources were the soil dust and the emission from coal-combustion followed by contributions from limestone and industrial refuse.

scholarly journals MINERAL AND SEA SALT AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS OVER LOW LATITUDE TROPICAL ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS DURING FGGE

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-317
Author(s):  
J. L. Bravo ◽  
S. Salazar ◽  
A. Muhlia
Keyword(s):  
Sea Salt ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Log Normal

Durante los meses de enero a marzo y de mayo a Julio de 1979 se realizó muestreo de aerosol atmosférico a bordo de los buques mexicanos de investigación "Mariano Matamoros" y "DM 20" en el Océano Pacífico (7° N, 84° W) y Océano Atlántico (7°30’N, 42°30’ W) respectivamente. Las componentes determinadas fueron: minerales y sales de mar. En el Océano Atlántico la media geométrica de la concentración de minerales fue de 7.27 µg/m3 y la de sales de mar 21.38 µg/m3. En el Océano Pacífico las concentraciones de estas componentes fueron 0.62 y 6.28 µg/m3, respectivamente; en esta región son los primeros estudios que se desarrollan sobre aerosol mineral y sales de mar. En el análisis estadístico de estas dos componentes se utilizó el criterio de la x2 para la minimización del error. Para el Océano Atlántico se obtuvieron distribuciones log-normal bimodales; para el Pacífico distribuciones log-normales sencillas, lo cual estadísticamente indica la presencia de dos y un conjunto de fenómenos, respectivamente. Las concentraciones reportadas en el presente estudio para el Océano Atlántico están de acuerdo con las de otros autores. Las del Océano Pacífico son más altas que las reportadas en otras áreas de este océano.

scholarly journals Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2963-3050 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sander ◽  
W. C. Keene ◽  
A. A. P. Pszenny ◽  
R. Arimoto ◽  
G. P. Ayers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol

Abstract. The cycling of inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer (mbl) has received increased attention in recent years. Bromide, a constituent of sea water, is injected into the atmosphere in association with sea-salt aerosol by breaking waves on the ocean surface. Measurements reveal that supermicrometer sea-salt aerosol is depleted in bromine by about 50% relative to conservative tracers, whereas marine submicrometer aerosol is often enriched in bromine. Model calculations, laboratory studies, and field observations strongly suggest that these depletions reflect the chemical transformation of particulate bromide to reactive inorganic gases that influence the processing of ozone and other important constituents of marine air. However, currently available techniques cannot reliably quantify many \\chem{Br}-containing compounds at ambient concentrations and, consequently, our understanding of inorganic Br cycling over the oceans and its global significance are uncertain. To provide a more coherent framework for future research, we have reviewed measurements in marine aerosol, the gas phase, and in rain. We also summarize sources and sinks, as well as model and laboratory studies of chemical transformations. The focus is on inorganic bromine over the open oceans, excluding the polar regions. The generation of sea-salt aerosol at the ocean surface is the major tropospheric source producing about 6.2 Tg/a of bromide. The transport of  Br from continents (as mineral aerosol, and as products from biomass-burning and fossil-fuel combustion) can be of local importance. Transport of degradation products of long-lived Br-containing compounds from the stratosphere and other sources contribute lesser amounts. Available evidence suggests that, following aerosol acidification, sea-salt bromide reacts to form Br2 and BrCl that volatilize to the gas phase and photolyze in daylight to produce atomic Br and Cl. Subsequent transformations can destroy tropospheric ozone, oxidize dimethylsulfide (DMS) and hydrocarbons in the gas phase and S(IV) in aerosol solutions, and thereby potentially influence climate. The diurnal cycle of gas-phase \\Br and the corresponding particulate Br deficits are correlated. Higher values of Br in the gas phase during daytime are consistent with expectations based on photochemistry. Mechanisms that explain the widely reported accumulation of particulate Br in submicrometer aerosols are not yet understood. We expect that the importance of inorganic Br cycling will vary in the future as a function of both increasing acidification of the atmosphere (through anthropogenic emissions) and climate changes. The latter affects bromine cycling via meteorological factors including global wind fields (and the associated production of sea-salt aerosol), temperature, and relative humidity.

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