scholarly journals Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns

Tectonics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Clark ◽  
L. M. Schoenbohm ◽  
L. H. Royden ◽  
K. X. Whipple ◽  
B. C. Burchfiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Eastern Tibet

scholarly journals Hunting for Information in Streamflow Signatures to Improve Modelled Drainage

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Raphael Schneider ◽  
Simon Stisen ◽  
Anker Lajer Højberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Drain Flow ◽  
Set Up

About half of the Danish agricultural land is drained artificially. Those drains, mostly in the form of tile drains, have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. Consequently, the drainage system must also be represented in hydrological models that are used to simulate, for example, the transport and retention of chemicals. However, representation of drainage in large-scale hydrological models is challenging due to scale issues, lacking data on the distribution of drain infrastructure, and lacking drain flow observations. This calls for more indirect methods to inform such models. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that drain flow leaves a signal in streamflow signatures, as it represents a distinct streamflow generation process. Streamflow signatures are indices characterizing hydrological behaviour based on the hydrograph. Using machine learning regressors, we show that there is a correlation between signatures of simulated streamflow and simulated drain fraction. Based on these insights, signatures relevant to drain flow are incorporated in hydrological model calibration. A distributed coupled groundwater–surface water model of the Norsminde catchment, Denmark (145 km2) is set up. Calibration scenarios are defined with different objective functions; either using conventional stream flow metrics only, or a combination with hydrological signatures. We then evaluate the results from the different scenarios in terms of how well the models reproduce observed drain flow and spatial drainage patterns. Overall, the simulation of drain in the models is satisfactory. However, it remains challenging to find a direct link between signatures and an improvement in representation of drainage. This is likely attributable to model structural issues and lacking flexibility in model parameterization.

Quantifying the dynamic topography through a combination of basin-averaged erosion rates and geomorphic analysis from the Anti Atlas and Western Meseta (Morocco) transient landscape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romano Clementucci ◽  
Lionel Siame ◽  
Paolo Ballato ◽  
Ahmed Yaaqoub ◽  
Abderrahim Essaifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Dynamic Topography ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Atlas Mountains ◽  
Middle Atlas

<p>The topography of the Atlas-Meseta system (Morocco) is the result of Late Cenozoic rejuvenation related to mantle-driven uplift. This recent, large-scale dynamic uplift is testified by the occurrence of uplifted shallow-water marine deposits in the Middle Atlas Mountains and in the Western Meseta, indicating that surface uplift must have started after the Late Miocene (Messinian) at rates of 0.1 to 0.2 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>. This recent pulse is still recorded by transient river networks and by the presence of uplifted relict landscape. In particular, in the Anti Atlas and Western Maroccan Meseta, the lack of significant Cenozoic crustal shortening and the occurrence of several hundred of meters of mantle-driven uplift, offers the possibility to investigate magnitude, timing and rates of deep-seated uplift. In this study we have combined geomorphic analysis of stream profiles with in situ-produced cosmogenic concentrations (<sup>10</sup>Be, <sup>26</sup>Al) in river sediments and bedrock surfaces (corresponding to relict landscape upstream of knickpoints), in order to decipher the uplift history. Our catchment-mean erosion rates allow us to quantitatively constrain the transient state of landscape and hence to unravel the contribution of regional surface uplift on mountain building processes in Morocco during the Plio-Quaternary.</p>

A Buoyant Eifel Mantle Plume Revealed by GPS-Derived Large-Scale 3D Surface Deformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corné Kreemer ◽  
Geoffrey Blewitt ◽  
Paul Davis
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Plume ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Quaternary Volcanism ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Vertical Land Motion ◽  
Seismicity Rates

<p> The Eifel hotspot is one of the few known active continental hotspots. The evidence is based on volcanism as recent as 11ka and a seismic velocity anomaly that shows a plume-like feature downward to at least the upper transition zone. However, the volcanism lacks a clear space-time progression of activity, and evidence for surface deformation has been ambiguous. Here, we show that the greater area above the Eifel plume shows a distinct and significant surface deformation anomaly not seen anywhere else in intraplate Europe. We use GPS data of thousands of stations in western Europe to image contemporary vertical land motion (VLM) and horizontal strain rates. We show significant surface uplift rates with a maximum of ~1.0 mm/yr (after subtracting the broader-scale VLM predicted by glacial isostatic adjustment) roughly centered on the Eifel Volcanic Field, and above the mantle plume. The same area that uplifts also undergoes significant N-S-oriented extension of ~3 nanostrain/yr, and this area is surrounded by a radial pattern of shortening. River terrace data have revealed tectonic uplift of <span>~</span>150–250 m of the Eifel since 800 ka, when recent volcanism and uplift reactivated, which would imply an average VLM of <span>0.1</span>–<span>0.3 mm/yr </span>since that time. Our VLM results suggest that the uplift may have accelerated significantly since Quaternary volcanism commenced. <span>The remarkable superimposition of significant uplift, horizontal extension, and volcanism strongly suggests a causal relationship with the underlying mantle plume. We</span><span> model the plume buoyancy as a half-space vertical force applied to a bi-modal Gaussian areal distribution exerted on a plane at 50 km depth. </span><span>Our modelling shows a good regional fit to the long-wavelength aspects of the surface deformation by applying buoyancy forces related to the plume head at the bottom of the lithosphere. From our spatially integrated force and the first-order assumption that the plume has effectively been buoyant since 250 ka (to explain Quaternary uplift) or 800 ka (at today’s rate), we estimate that a 360 km high plume requires density reduction of 57-184 kg m</span><sup><span>-3</span></sup><span> (i.e., ~0.7-5.6% of a 3300 kg m</span><sup><span>-3</span></sup><span> dense reference mantle), which is consistent with observed seismic velocity reductions. Finally, we note that the highest extension rates are centred on the Lower Rhine Embayment (LRE), where intraplate seismicity rates are high, and where paleoseismic events increased since 800 ka. We suggest that the surface uplift imposed by the Eifel plume explains the relatively high activity rate on faults along the LRE, particularly since the N-S extension would promote failure on the NW-SE trending faults in the LRE.</span></p>

Response of a polyvinyl chloride water pipe when transverse to an underlying pipe replaced by pipe bursting

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1258-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Cholewa ◽  
R. W.I. Brachman ◽  
I. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Ground Movements ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Pipe Bursting ◽  
Measured Strain ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
Term Performance

An existing deteriorated or hydraulically undersized pipe can be replaced with a new pipe by static pipe bursting. Cavity expansion during pipe bursting induces ground movements, which may potentially damage nearby buried utilities if they are in close proximity to the pipe bursting operation. A large-scale pipe bursting experiment was performed in an 8 m long, 8 m wide, and 3 m deep test pit filled with a well-graded sand and gravel soil. A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, crossing transversely and 0.45 m above the existing pipe being replaced, was instrumented with strain gages to quantify the response of that transverse utility to the ground movements associated with pipe bursting. In this paper, the measured strain and corresponding deflection of the PVC pipe are examined and compared with measurements of surface uplift. The maximum longitudinal strain measured in the pipe was less than 0.1% and its vertical diameter decreased by only 0.5%, suggesting that ground displacements induced by pipe bursting did not jeopardize the transverse water pipe’s long-term performance, provided its joints were not damaged. A simplified design equation is introduced and shown to provide estimates of maximum longitudinal strain in the PVC pipe close to those measured during the laboratory experiment.

scholarly journals Synorogenic evolution of large-scale drainage patterns: Isotope paleohydrology of sequential Laramide basins

2009 ◽  
Vol 309 (7) ◽  
pp. 549-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Davis ◽  
H. T. Mix ◽  
B. A. Wiegand ◽  
A. R. Carroll ◽  
C. P. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Laramide Basins

scholarly journals The destiny of orogen-parallel streams in the Eastern Alps: the Salzach–Enns drainage system

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Trost ◽  
Jörg Robl ◽  
Stefan Hergarten ◽  
Franz Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Drainage Area ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Pleistocene Climate ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Hillslope Scale ◽  
Capture Point

Abstract. The evolution of the drainage system in the Eastern Alps is inherently linked to different tectonic stages of the alpine orogeny. Crustal scale faults imposed east-directed orogen parallel flow on major rivers, whereas late orogenic surface uplift increased topographic gradients between foreland and range and hence the vulnerability of such rivers to be captured. This leads to a situation where major orogen-parallel alpine rivers such as the Salzach River or the Enns River are characterized by elongated east-west oriented catchments south of the proposed capture points, whereby almost the entire drainage area is located west of the capture point. To determine the current stability of drainage divides and to predict the potential direction of divide migration, we analyzed their geometry at catchment, headwater and hillslope scale. Therefore, we employ chi mapping for different base levels, generalized swath profiles along drainage divides and Gilbert metrics. Our results show that almost all drainage divides are asymmetric with steeper channels west and flatter channels east of a common drainage divide. Interpreting these results, we propose that drainage divides migrate from west towards east, so that the Inn catchment grows on expense of the Salzach catchment and the Salzach catchment consumes the westernmost tributaries of the Mur and Enns catchments. While Gilbert metrics show the same trend at hillslope scale at the Salzach–Enns and Salzach–Mur drainage divide, they show no significant asymmetry at the Inn–Salzach drainage divide. As topography at the latter divide is dominated by glacial landforms such as cirques and U-shaped valleys, we interpret the missing hillslope scale asymmetry of this divide as a result of Pleistocene climate modulations, which locally obscured the large-scale signal of drainage network reorganization. We suggest that the east-directed divide migration progressively leads to symmetric catchment geometries, where eventually tributaries west and east of the capture point contribute equally to the drainage area. To test this assumption we have reconstructed the proposed drainage network for different time slices. Chi mapping of these reconstructed drainage networks indicates a progressive stability of the network topology in the Eastern Alps towards the present-day situation.

scholarly journals Topographic response to Neogene variations in slab geometry, climate and drainage reorganization in the Northern Andes of Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Perez-Consuegra ◽  
Richard Ott ◽  
Gregory D. Hoke ◽  
Jorge Pedro Galve ◽  
Jose Vicente Pérez–Peña
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Slab Geometry ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Flat Slab ◽  
Northern Andes ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Flat Slab Subduction ◽  
Central Cordillera

<p>The tropical Northern Andes of Colombia are one the world's most biodiverse places, offering an ideal location for unraveling the linkages between the geodynamic forces that build topography and the evolution of the biota that inhabit it. In this study, we utilize a geomorphic analysis to characterize the topography of the Western and Central Cordilleras of the Northern Andes. We supplement our topographic analysis with erosion rate estimates based on gauged suspended sediment loads and river incision rates from volcanic sequences. In the northern segment of the Central Cordillera, an elevated low-relief surface (2,500m in elevation, ~40x110 km in size) with uniform lithology and surrounded by knickpoints, indicates a recent increase in rock and surface uplift rate. Whereas, the southern segment of the Central Cordillera shows substantially higher local relief and mostly well graded river profiles consistent with longer term uplift stability. These changes in the topography fit with the proposed location of a slab tear and flat slab subduction under the northern Central Cordillera, as well as with a major transition in the channel slope of the Cauca River. We identify several areas of major drainage reorganization, including captures and divide migrations that are supported by our erosion and incision rate estimates. We identify slab flattening as the most likely cause of strong and recent uplift in the Northern Andes leading to ~2 km of surface uplift since 8–4 Ma. Large scale drainage reorganization of major rivers is probably mainly driven by changes in upper plate deformation in relation to development of the flat slab subduction geometry; however, other factors such as climate and emplacement of volcanic rocks likely play secondary roles in this process. Several isolated biologic observations above the area of slab flattening suggest that surface uplift isolated former lowland species on the high elevation plateaus, and drainage reorganization may have driven diversification of aquatic species.</p>

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