Effect of Polarizability on the Potential of Mean Force of Two Cations. The Guanidinium−Guanidinium Ion Pair in Water

1997 ◽  
Vol 101 (50) ◽  
pp. 10910-10917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Soetens ◽  
Claude Millot ◽  
Christophe Chipot ◽  
Georg Jansen ◽  
János G. Ángyán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Pair ◽  
Potential Of Mean Force

National primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Alexandr V. Oborin ◽  
Anna Y. Villevalde ◽  
Sergey G. Trofimchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

The results of development of the national primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2011 in 2019 are presented according to the recommendations of the ICRU Report No. 90 “Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications”. The following changes are made to the equations for the units determination with the standard: in the field of X-rays, new correction coefficients of the free-air ionization chambers are introduced and the relative standard uncertainty of the average energy to create an ion pair in air is changed; in the field of gamma radiation, the product of the average energy to create an ion pair in air and the electron stopping-power graphite to air ratio for the cavity ionization chambers is changed. More accurate values of the units reproduced by GET 8-2019 are obtained and new metrological characteristics of the standard are stated.

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