Demonstration of Pectic Polysaccharides in Cork Cell Wall fromQuercus suberL.

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2003-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia M. Rocha ◽  
Manuel A. Coimbra ◽  
Ivonne Delgadillo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Cork Cell

scholarly journals Cell-wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins of parenchymatous tissues of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ryden ◽  
R R Selvendran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Runner Bean ◽  
Cellulose Residue

1. Polymers were solubilized from the cell walls of parenchyma from mature runner-bean pods with minimum degradation by successive extractions with cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-NNN′N′-tetra-acetate (CDTA), Na2CO3 and KOH to leave the alpha-cellulose residue, which contained cross-linked pectic polysaccharides and Hyp-rich glycoproteins. These were solubilized with chlorite/acetic acid and cellulase. The polymers were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and fractions were subjected to methylation analysis. 2. The pectic polysaccharides differed in their ease of extraction, and a small proportion were highly cross-linked. The bulk of the pectic polysaccharides solubilized by CDTA and Na2CO3 were less branched than those solubilized by KOH. There was good evidence that most of the pectic polysaccharides were not degraded during extraction. 3. The protein-containing fractions included Hyp-rich and Hyp-poor glycoproteins associated with easily extractable pectic polysaccharides, Hyp-rich glycoproteins solubilized with 4M-KOH+borate, the bulk of which were not associated with pectic polysaccharides, and highly cross-linked Hyp-rich glycoproteins. 4. Isodityrosine was not detected, suggesting that it does not have a (major) cross-linking role in these walls. Instead, it is suggested that phenolics, presumably linked to C-5 of 3,5-linked Araf residues of Hyp-rich glycoproteins, serve to cross-link some of the polymers. 5. There were two main types of xyloglucan, with different degrees of branching. The bulk of the less branched xyloglucans were solubilized by more-concentrated alkali. The anomeric configurations of the sugars in one of the highly branched xyloglucans were determined by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. 6. The structural features of the cell-wall polymers and complexes are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls of parenchyma tissues.

scholarly journals Modification of Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Drying Process Affects Texture Properties of Apple Chips

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Xiao ◽  
Jianyong Yi ◽  
Jinfeng Bi ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Jian Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Rehydration Ratio ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop

The influences of hot air drying (AD), medium- and short-wave infrared drying (IR), instant controlled pressure drop drying (DIC), and vacuum freeze drying (FD) on cell wall polysaccharide modification were studied, and the relationship between the modifications and texture properties was analyzed. The results showed that the DIC treated apple chips exhibited the highest crispness (92) and excellent honeycomb-like structure among all the dried samples, whereas the FD dried apple chips had low crispness (10), the minimum hardness (17.4 N), and the highest volume ratio (0.76) and rehydration ratio (7.55). Remarkable decreases in the contents of total galacturonic acid and the amounts of water extractable pectin (WEP) were found in all the dried apple chips as compared with the fresh materials. The highest retention of WEP fraction (102.7 mg/g AIR) was observed in the FD dried apple chips, which may lead to a low structural rigidity and may be partially responsible for the lower hardness of the FD apple chips. In addition, the crispness of the apple chips obtained by DIC treatment, as well as AD and IR at 90°C, was higher than that of the samples obtained from the other drying processes, which might be due to the severe degradation of pectic polysaccharides, considering the results of the amounts of pectic fractions, the molar mass distribution, and concentrations of the WEP fractions. Overall, the data suggested that the modifications of pectic polysaccharides of apple chips, including the amount of the pectic fractions and their structural characteristics and the extent of degradation, significantly affect the texture of apple chips.

scholarly journals Coffee carbohydrates

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Redgwell ◽  
Monica Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

This review summarises recent advances in the chemistry, physiology and molecular properties of coffee carbohydrates with a particular focus on the cell wall polysaccharides. The results of detailed chemical studies have demonstrated novel structural features of both the galactomannans and the arabinogalactan polysaccharides of the green and roasted coffee bean. For the first time immunological probes based on monoclonal antibodies for specific polysaccharide epitopes were used to reveal the patterns of distribution of the galactomannans, arabinogalactans and pectic polysaccharides in the coffee bean cell wall. Finally, the results of physiological and molecular studies are presented which emphasise the growing awareness of the potential role the metabolic status of the green bean may play in final coffee beverage quality.

scholarly journals (472) Yeast Expressed Tomato β-Galactosidases 1, 4, and 5 Have Activity against Synthetic and Plant-derived Cell Wall Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1092B-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Ishimaru ◽  
David L. Smith ◽  
Kenneth C. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fruit Pericarp ◽  
Galactosyl Residues

Fruit softening occurs by several mechanisms, including modifications of cell wall structure by wall degrading enzymes. The most prominent change in tomato fruit pericarp wall composition is the loss of galactosyl residues throughout development and especially during ripening. In order to understand the role of galactosyl turnover in fruit softening, we successfully produced three recombinant tomato β-galactosidase/exo-galactanase (TBG) fusion proteins in yeast. TBG1, 4 and 5 enzyme properties and substrate specificities were assessed. Optimum pH of TBG1, 4 and 5 was 5.0, 4.0, and 4.5 and optimum temperature was 40∼50, 40, and 40 °C, respectively. The K ms for TBG1, 4 and 5 were 7.99, 0.09, and 2.42 mm, respectively, using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. Using synthetic and plant-derived substrates, TBG1 and 5 released galactosyl residues from 1 → 4 linkages. TBG4 released galactosyl residues from a wide range of plant-derived oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Using tomato fruit cell wall material, TBG1, TBG4 and TBG5 released galactosyl residues from a variety of fruit stages and cell wall fractions. TBG4 released the most galactosyl residues from the ASP fraction and especially the ASP fraction from fruit at the turning stage. Interestingly, even though walls from Turning fruit stage contain less total galactosyl residues than at the Mature Green stage, TBG4 released 3–4 fold more galactose from the CSP and ASP fractions from Turning fruit. These results suggest that changes in structure of wall pectic polysaccharides leading up to the Turning stage may cause the wall to become more susceptible to hydrolysis by the TBG4 product.

scholarly journals A Cork Cell Wall Approach To Swelling And Boiling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Patrícia Poeiras ◽  
Cordula Voguel ◽  
Björn Günther ◽  
Constança Camilo-Alves ◽  
Peter Surový ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Cork Stopper ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Cork Cell ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Abstract The bark of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is mostly used for cork stopper production, whereas bark is undergoing a series of industrial procedures, boiling usually leading to changes in the characteristics of the tissue. Trees are traditionally grown under natural conditions; however, irrigation is now being used in plantations. These permanent water availability affects cork-oak development, while its effects on industrial procedures is unknown. This study provides a first insight into the behaviour of the cell walls of cork during the process of swelling and boiling when trees have been grown under irrigation, subject to a specific water regime. Cork tissue was analysed using environmental and scanning electron microscopy under three regimes: raw conditions; following immersion in water; and after boiling. Additionally, the radial expansion of samples was determined. The results showed greater cell-wall expansion in cork from the irrigated site than cork from the traditional rainfed plot, when hydrated for 24h. After boiling, the cell walls of the rainfed site were thinner than in the raw stage, in contrast to the irrigated cork. This study suggests that irrigation during cork-oak growth produces a higher capacity for adsorption, increasing cell-wall thickness from the raw stage to the boiling stage.

Changes in cell wall composition during ripening of grape berries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Nunan ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
A Bacic ◽  
SP Robinson ◽  
GB Fincher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide

Cell walls were isolated from the mesocarp of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries at developmental stages from before veraison through to the final ripe berry. Fluorescence and light microscopy of intact berries revealed no measurable change in cell wall thickness as the mesocarp cells expanded in the ripening fruit. Isolated walls were analyzed for their protein contents and amino acid compositions, and for changes in the composition and solubility of constituent polysaccharides during development. Increases in protein content after veraison were accompanied by an approximate 3-fold increase in hydroxyproline content. The type I arabinogalactan content of the pectic polysaccharides decreased from approximately 20 mol % of total wall polysaccharides to about 4 mol % of wall polysaccharides during berry development. Galacturonan content increased from 26 to 41 mol % of wall polysaccharides, and the galacturonan appeared to become more soluble as ripening progressed. After an initial decrease in the degree of esterification of pectic polysaccharides, no further changes were observed nor were there large variations in cellulose (30-35 mol % of wall polysaccharides) or xyloglucan (approximately 10 mol % of wall polysaccharides) contents. Overall, the results indicate that no major changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition occurred during softening of ripening grape berries, but that significant modification of specific polysaccharide components were observed, together with large changes in protein composition.

Early changes in the radial walls of storied fusiform cambial cells during fiber differentiation

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Axial Extension ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Entire Cell ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Wall Loosening ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

There is little information about the ultrastructural changes taking place in the radial walls of fusiform cambial cells during differentiation into xylem derivatives. The present study reports the early events occurring in the radial walls of fusiform cambial cells (FCCs) during fiber elongation in Holoptelea integrifolia, a deciduous tropical tree with storied cambium. Serial tangential sections of active cambial zone cells demonstrate the initiation of intrusive cell wall elongation from gabled ends of FCCs during fiber development. The elongation at the tip is followed by the axial extension of the entire cell. It was evident from ultrastructural observations made on the tangential sections that the thick beaded pattern on FCC radial walls disappear following cell elongation. PATAg staining, specific for wall polysaccharides showed that, initially, the beaded structures undergo wall loosening following hydrolysis of pectic polysaccharides in the middle lamella. Then the loosened primary walls come together with the axial extension of cells. Thus the beaded nature disappears in the differentiating cambial cells. This study highlights the cell wall changes associated with the differentiation of FCCs into fibers.

Immunocytochemical studies of axial resin canals. I. Localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelium of Norway spruce xylem

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Resin Canals

The microdistribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelial cells of axial resin canals was investigated in Norway spruce xylem using immunolocalization methods combined with monoclonal antibodies specific for (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (LM 19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22). The ultrastructure and lignin distribution of epithelial cell walls was also examined after cytochemical staining for lignin. Compared with tracheids, epithelial cells showed several different ultrastructural characteristics, such as the thickness of three layers forming the cell wall, the boundary structure between layers and the lamellate structure of cell walls, with slightly stronger reaction with chemical staining for lignin than tracheids. After staining with potassium permanganate, the layer of the epithelial cell wall adjacent to the canal showed typical characteristics of middle lamella (C-ML). However, C-ML regions showed completely different chemical characteristics from E-ML (middle lamella between epithelial cells) regions of epithelial cells and compound middle lamella (CML) regions of tracheids. Unlike tracheids, epitopes of pectic polysaccharides were detected in the epithelial cell wall with variations in amounts between cell wall layers. Epitopes of hemicelluloses were also detected in the epithelial cells with differences in distribution patterns from tracheids, particularly xyloglucan (LM15) and low substituted xylan (LM10) epitopes. Together, our results suggest that the ultrastructure and chemistry of epithelial cells including C-ML regions significantly differ from tracheids.

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