Thermophysical Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (CH2FCF3) Refrigerant−Oil Mixtures in the Saturated Liquid Phase with Lubricant Concentration in the Range (0 to 100) ppm

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-715
Author(s):  
Maogang He ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Qiu Zhong ◽  
Rong Xue ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Saturated Liquid ◽  
Oil Mixtures

THE PREPARATION OF HEXACHLOROETHANE IN THE LIQUID PHASE BY CHLORINATION OF TETRA—AND PENTACHLOROETHANE

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (5) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse A. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Saturated Liquid ◽  
Ultra Violet Light ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Effective Wave

Preliminary investigations showed a slow rate of production of hexachloroethane from chlorine-saturated liquid tetrachloroethane. The addition of some materials that often accelerate similar reactions was not effective here. However, rapid production was obtained by chlorinating tetrachloroethane in the presence of ultra-violet light. The effective wave-lengths appeared to lie between 3150 Å and 3540 Å, and the temperature coefficient between 75° and 100 °C. was 1.10. The result indicated that production of hexachloroethane from chlorine-saturated liquid tetrachloroethane was feasible. For the same conditions of illumination and temperature hexachloroethane was produced from chlorine-saturated pentachloroethane at a rate two and one-half times as fast as that in chlorine-saturated tetrachloroethane.

Phase Behavior of CO2 and Crude Oil in Low-Temperature Reservoirs

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 480-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Orr ◽  
A.D. Yu ◽  
C.L. Lien
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Co2 Flooding ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Oil Mixtures

Abstract Phase behavior of CO2/Crude-oil mixtures which exhibit liquid/liquid (L/L) and liquid/ liquid/vapor (L/L/V) equilibria is examined. Results of single-contact phase behavior experiments for CO2/separator-oil mixtures are reported. Experimental results are interpreted using pseudoternary phase diagrams based on a review of phase behavior data for binary and ternary mixtures of CO2 with alkanes. Implications for the displacement process of L/L/V phase behavior are examined using a one-dimensional finite difference simulator. Results of the analysis suggest that L/L and L/L/V equilibria will occur for CO2/crude-oil mixtures at temperatures below about 120 degrees F (49 degrees C) and that development of miscibility occurs by extraction of hydrocarbons from the oil into a CO2-rich liquid phase in such systems. Introduction The efficiency of a displacement of oil by CO2 depends on a variety of factors, including phase behavior of CO2/crude-oil mixtures generated during the displacement, densities and viscosities of the phases present, relative permeabilities to individual phases, and a host of additional complications such as dispersion, viscous fingering, reservoir heterogeneities, and layering. It generally is acknowledged that phase behavior and attendant compositional effects on fluid properties strongly influence local displacement efficiency, though it also is clear that on a reservoir scale, poor vertical and areal sweep efficiency (caused by the low viscosity of the displacing CO2) may negate the favorable effects of phase behavior.Interpretation of the effects of phase behavior on displacement efficiency is made difficult by the complexity of the behavior of CO2/crude-oil mixtures. The standard interpretation of CO2 flooding phase behaviour, given first by Rathmell et al. is that CO2 flooding behaves much like a vaporizing gas drive, as described originally by Hutchinson and Braun. During a flood, vaporphase CO2 mixes with oil in place and extracts light and intermediate hydrocarbons. After multiple contacts, the CO2-rich phase vaporizes enough hydrocarbons to develop a composition that can displace oil efficiently, if not miscibly. The picture presented by Rathmell et al. appears to be consistent with phase behavior observed for CO2/ crudeoil mixtures as long as the reservoir temperature is high enough. Table 1 summarizes data reported for CO2/crude-oil mixtures. Of the 10 systems studied, all those at temperatures above 120 degrees F (50 degrees C) show only L/V equilibria while those below 120 degrees F exhibit L/L/V separations (Stalkup also reports two phase diagrams that are qualitatively similar to the other low-temperature diagrams but does not give temperatures). Thus, at temperatures not too far above the critical temperature of CO2 [88 degrees F (31 degrees C)], mixtures of CO2 and crude oil exhibit multiple liquid phases, and at some pressures L/L/V equilibria are observed. It has not been established whether Rathmell et al.'s interpretation of the process mechanism can be extended to cover the more complex phase behavior of low-temperature CO2/crude-oil mixtures. In a recent paper, Metcalfe and Yarborough argued critical temperature CO2 floods behave more like condensing gas drives, whereas Kamath et al. concluded that an increase in the solubility of liquid-phase CO2 in crude oil at temperatures near the critical temperature of CO2 should cause more efficient displacements of oil by CO2. SPEJ P. 480^

scholarly journals Design of Composites by Infiltration Process: A Case Study of Liquid Ir-Si Alloy/SiC Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rada Novakovic ◽  
Simona Delsante ◽  
Donatella Giuranno
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Free Volume Theory ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Reactive Infiltration ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing ◽  
S Model

The design of processing routes involving the presence of the liquid phase is mainly associated with the knowledge of its surface and transport properties. Despite this need, due to experimental difficulties related to high temperature measurements of metallic melts, for many alloy systems neither thermodynamic nor thermophysical properties data are available. A good example lacking these datasets represents the Ir-Si system, although over the last fifty years, the structures and properties of its solid phases have been widely investigated. To compensate the missing data, the Gibbs free energy of mixing of the Ir-Si liquid phase was calculated combining the model predicted values for the enthalpy and entropy of mixing using Miedema’s model and Free Volume Theory, respectively. Subsequently, in the framework of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, the surface properties were calculated using the Quasi Chemical Approximation (QCA) for the regular solution, while to obtain the viscosity, the Moelwyn-Hughes (MH) and Terzieff models were applied. Subsequently, the predicted values of the abovementioned thermophysical properties were used to model the non-reactive infiltration isotherm of Ir-Si (eutectic) / SiC system.

Bulk Modulus in Polycrystalline Inert Gas Solids at 0 K

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (17) ◽  
pp. 2027-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Aziz ◽  
D. H. Bowman ◽  
C. C. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Bulk Modulus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
New Method ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Saturated Liquid ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Solid Density

Bulk modulus values in the inert gas solids at 0 K are of interest because they may be compared with theoretical estimates based on assumed models of the solid. Various methods have been used to estimate the 0 K bulk modulus B(0) from experimental data. In this paper we propose a new method for estimating B(0) which is based on the empirical observation that saturated liquid phase sound velocities, when extrapolated linearly in density to 0 K solid density, give results agreeing with the best solid phase measurements.

scholarly journals Comparative study of thermophysical properties of Nickel in liquid phase

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
N. O. Nenuwe ◽  
E. O. Agbalagba ◽  
E. A. Enaibe
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Thermophysical Properties
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