Subatmospheric Vapor Pressure Curves for Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid, Hexanoic Acid, and Heptanoic Acid

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Clifford ◽  
Deresh Ramjugernath ◽  
J. David Raal
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Isovaleric Acid ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
Heptanoic Acid

Fermentation in the Rumen of the Sheep

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. V. GRAY ◽  
A. F. PILGRIM ◽  
H. J. RODDA ◽  
R. A. WELLER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Group

1. The mixture of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of the sheep has been shown to include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, iso-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, another valeric acid isomer, caproic acid and an acid which is probably heptoic acid. The proportions in which they are present have been determined. 2. When acetic acid labelled with 14C in the carboxyl group was incorporated in the rumen fermentation in vitro, active carbon appeared later in all the higher acids. When labelled propionic acid was included in the fermentation, active carbon appeared in the valeric but not in the butyric acid. The results suggest a synthesis of the higher acids by condensation of the lower ones with 2-C compound in equilibrium with acetic acid. The extent of such syntheses and other possible modes of origin of the fatty acids are discussed.

Vapour–liquid equilibrium of propionic acid+caproic acid, isobutyric acid+caproic acid, valeric acid+caproic acid and caproic acid+enanthoic acid binary mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 375 ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Hlengwere ◽  
Samuel A. Iwarere ◽  
Paramespri Naidoo ◽  
J. David Raal ◽  
Deresh Ramjugernath
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium

scholarly journals The fermentation of soluble carbohydrates in rumen contents of cows given diets containing a large proportion of flaked maize

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Experiments

1. Studies were made of the fermentation of D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and sucrose by rumen contents from two cows fed 1 kg hay and 4 or 5 kg flaked maize once daily. The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen before addition of carbohydrates varied widely but on average acetic acid constituted about 52%, propionic acid about 29% and n-butyric acid about 13% of the total.2. In in vitro experiments, 896 mg of the monosaccharides and 851 mg sucrose were added to 150 g mixed rumen contents incubated for 2 h; the carbohydrates were added at 10 min intervals throughout the incubation on three occasions with each cow. Mean proportions of the carbohydrates fermented ranged from about 60% of the pentoses to about 85% of sucrose and glucose. Of the VFA produced from galactose and the pentoses, acetic acid constituted about 40%, propionic acid 45–55% and n-butyric acid 1–7%; very little n-valeric acid was produced. With the other carbohydrates results from the two cows differed, owing mainly to the production of appreciable amounts of n-valeric acid with one cow only. Acetic acid constituted about 40% of the VFA produced from fructose and sucrose, propionic acid 20–40%, n-butyric acid 14–22% and n-valeric acid up to 12%. The proportions of VFA produced from glucose were intermediate between the other two groups.3. Net recovery of carbon from fermented carbohydrate in VFA was about 35–45%. A further 1–6%, of fermented glucose, fructose and sucrose was recovered in lactic acid.4. In in vivo experiments, the monosaccharides only were infused into the rumen for 8 h at the rate of 200 g/h. Changes in the concentrations of substrates and products varied widely, owing to the variable basal fermentation, but changes in the proportions of VFA in the rumen were similar to those found in vitro.5. The results of the in vitro experiments were compared with those obtained in earlier experiments in which the same cows were given a diet containing 70% hay. Significant regressions (P < 0.05) were found between the molar proportions of acetic, propionic and n-valeric acids produced from the substrates and the proportions of these acids present in the rumen contents at the start of the incubations, but the relationships differed markedly among the different carbohydrates. Most of the significant regressions were positive but negative regressions for propionic acid production from fructose and sucrose with one cow suggested the existence of more complex interrelationships among two or more VFA.

scholarly journals Establishment of a Gastric Cell-Based Assay System for Exploring Inhibitors of Octanoylated Ghrelin Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1035-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Oiso ◽  
Miyuki Nobe ◽  
Yuhei Yamaguchi ◽  
Shigeru Umemoto ◽  
Kazuo Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Posttranslational Modification ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Assay System ◽  
Heptanoic Acid ◽  
Ags Cells ◽  
Gastric Cell ◽  
Low Levels

Ghrelin, a gastric hormone, is a growth hormone-releasing peptide. Its serine-3 acylation with octanoic acid is essential for its orexigenic activity, and therefore, inhibition of the acylation of ghrelin may help in decreasing appetite and preventing obesity. This study aimed to establish a human gastric cell-based assay system to evaluate candidate inhibitors of octanoylated ghrelin production. In human gastric carcinoma AGS cells, obligatory factors for the posttranslational modification of ghrelin, such as certain prohormone convertases responsible for processing of proghrelin to the mature ghrelin and the enzyme-catalyzing acyl-modification of ghrelin, were well expressed, but ghrelin was expressed at low levels. Accordingly, we transfected a ghrelin-expressing vector into AGS cells and isolated a stable ghrelin-expressing cell line (AGS-GHRL8). AGS-GHRL8 cells secreted octanoylated ghrelin in accordance with the concentrations of octanoic acid in the culture medium. Given that ingested heptanoic acid is used for the acyl-modification of ghrelin, we evaluated whether heptanoic acid inhibits production of octanoylated ghrelin in AGS-GHRL8 cells. Butyric acid was used as a control. Indeed, heptanoic acid predictably decreased the secretion of octanoylated ghrelin, whereas butyric acid did not. The AGS-GHRL8 line established in this study will facilitate the screening of inhibitors of octanoylated ghrelin production.

THE SYNTHESIS OF δ-(3-INDOLYL)-VALERIC ACID AND THE EFFECTS OF SOME INDOL ACIDS ON PLANTS

1936 ◽  
Vol 14b (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. F. Manske ◽  
Leonard Christie Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
Methyl Derivative ◽  
Physiological Properties

The synthesis of δ-3 (indolyl) -valeric acid, by a procedure analogous to that employed in the synthesis of its lower homologues, is described. It, as well as a bz-methyl derivative of β-3(indolyl)-propionic acid, which has also been synthesized, was found to possess the plant physiological properties of a phytohormone.

scholarly journals Reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids levels and the relationship with gut microbiota in IgA nephropathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingxiong Chai ◽  
Qun Luo ◽  
Kedan Cai ◽  
Kaiyue Wang ◽  
Binbin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Β Diversity

Abstract Background: IgA nephropathy(IgAN)) is the common pathological type of glomerular diseases. The role of gut microbiota in mediating "gut-IgA nephropathy" has not received sufficient attention in the previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of fecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs), a metabolite of the intestinal microbiota, in patients with IgAN and its correlation with intestinal flora and clinical indicators, and to further investigate the role of the gut-renal axis in IgAN.Methods: There were 29 patients with IgAN and 29 normal control subjects recruited from January 2018 to May 2018. The fresh feces were collected. The fecal SCFAs were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gut microbiota was analysed by16S rDNA sequences, followed by estimation of α- and β-diversity. Correlation analysis was performed using the spearman’s correlation test between SCFAs and gut microbiota. Results:The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid and caproic acid in the IgAN patients were significantly reduced compared with control group(P<0.05). Butyric acid(r=-0.336, P=0.010) and isobutyric acid(r=-0.298, P=0.022) were negatively correlated with urea acid; butyric acid(r=-0.316, P=0.016) was negatively correlated with urea nitrogen; caproic acid(r=-0.415,P=0.025) showed negative correlation with 24-h urine protein level.Exemplified by the results of α-diversity and β-diversity, the intestinal flora of IgAN patients was significantly different from that of the control group. Acetic acid was positively associated with c_Clostridia(r=0.357, P=0.008), o_Clostridiales(r=0.357, P=0.008) and g_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group(r=0.283, P=0.036). Butyric acid was positively associated with g_Alistipes (r=0.278, P=0.040). The relative abundance of those were significantly decreased in IgAN group compared to control group.Conclusion: The levels of fecal SCFAs in the IgAN patients were reduced, and correlated with clinical parameters and gut microbiota, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN, and this finding may provide a new therapeutic approach.

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