Enthalpies of Solution of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Sulfate in Water. Thermodynamic Properties of the Potassium Sulfate + Water System†

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Archer ◽  
Duane R. Kirklin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Water System ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Enthalpies Of Solution

The Effect of Alum, Ferrous, Stannous and NaCl on Silk Fabric Dyed with Natural Dye from Laccifer Lacca Kerr

2016 ◽  
Vol 848 ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit ◽  
Chintana Saiwan ◽  
Nattadon Rungruangkitkrai ◽  
Nattaya Punrattanasin ◽  
Kamolkan Sriharuksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Stannous Chloride ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Silk Fabric ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Aluminium Sulfate ◽  
Fastness Property ◽  
Silk Fabrics

In this research, the dyeing behavior of silk fabrics with lac was studied. The effect of different mordants concentration (potassium aluminium sulfate or alum, stannous chloride, ferrous sulfate and sodium chloride) with simultaneous mordanting procedures using pad-dry and pad-batch techniques on colour characteristics of the dyed samples was investigated. The colour fastness tests were washing and light of the dyed samples, the test results were determined according to the present ISO standard.The results show that silk fabric dyed without and with stannous chloride and sodium chloride mordant gave a shade of light pink, while those mordanted with aluminum potassium sulfate, had noticeably pink shade. The colour shade was light grey shades was obtained by adding ferrous sulfate mordant. The washing fastness property showed very poor level, while light fastness was fair level.

The influence of calcium and phosphorus in prelayer diets and their interaction with sodium chloride and potassium sulfate in layer diets on egg production and shell quality in crossbred layers

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (110) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
H Karunajeewa ◽  
M Fox
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Tibia Ash

In a 43x2 factorial experiment, 576 White Leghorn x Australorp pullets attaining 50% egg production at about 180 days of age were given from 22 to 26 weeks of age pre-layer diets with 10.4 or 25.8 g kg-1 calcium and 6.2 or 10.9 g kg-1 phosphorus. From 26 to 74 weeks of age these pullets were given layer diets with three levels (0, 1.5 and 7.0 g kg-1) of added sodium chloride and two levels (0 and 6.0 g kg-1) of added potassium sulfate. The calcium content of the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on feed intake, bodyweight gain or tibia-ash content between 22 and 26 weeks of age, or on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion efficiency and mortality in the subsequent laying phase. The higher level (25.8 g kg-1) of calcium improved (P<0.05) the shell quality of the first eggs laid and prevented a decline in shell quality due to excess sodium chloride (7.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet. A phosphorus level of 10.9 g kg-1 of the pre-layer diet reduced (P<0.05) feed intake, and in the subsequent laying phase both hen-housed egg production and efficiency of feed conversion were reduced (P<0.05). The adverse effect on feed conversion efficiency was alleviated by adding potassium sulfate to the diet. The level of phosphorus in the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on tibia-ash content or egg shell quality. The dietary level of sodium chloride had no significant effect on egg weight, feed intake and bodyweight gain. The inclusion of sodium chloride at a level of 7.0 g kg-1 diet tended to depress rate of lay by 2.0% and during the first half of the laying cycle, increased mortality by 12.5% (P<0.05) and reduced egg shell weight and thickness (P<0.05) in birds given pre-layer diets with a low calcium content. A daily intake of 137 to 139 mg of sodium per bird was not adequate for maintenance of egg production and efficiency of feed conversion in crossbred layers. The sodium requirement of a crossbred layer given a diet containing meat and bone meal is about 160 mg/day. The adverse effects due to either a low intake of sodium or a high level of sodium chloride in the diet were alleviated by the inclusion of 6.0 g kg-1 potassium sulfate in the diet. The inclusion of potassium sulfate (6.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet increased rate of lay by 2.1% (P<0.05).

Deicing Chemicals as Source of Constituents of Highway Runoff

1996 ◽  
Vol 1533 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Granato
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Road Salt ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Highway Runoff ◽  
Deicing Chemicals ◽  
Trace Constituents

The dissolved major and trace constituents of deicing chemicals as a source of constituents in highway runoff must be quantified for interpretive studies of highway runoff and its effects on surface water and groundwater. Dissolved constituents of the deicing chemicals—sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and premix (a mixture of sodium and calcium chloride)—were determined by analysis of salt solutions created in the laboratory and are presented as mass ratios to chloride. Deicing chemical samples studied are about 98 and 97 percent pure sodium chloride and calcium chloride, respectively; however, each has a distinct major and trace ion constituent signature. The greatest impurity in sodium chloride road salt samples was sulfate, followed by calcium, potassium, bromide, vanadium, magnesium, fluoride, and other constituents with a ratio to chloride of less than 0.0001 by mass. The greatest impurity in the calcium chloride road salt samples was sodium, followed by potassium, sulfate, bromide, silica, fluoride, strontium, magnesium, and other constituents with a ratio to chloride of less than 0.0001 by mass. Major constituents of deicing chemicals in highway runoff may account for a substantial source of annual chemical loads. Comparison of estimated annual loads and first flush concentrations of deicing chemical constituents in highway runoff with those reported in the literature indicate that although deicing chemicals are not a primary source of trace constituents, they are not a trivial source, either. Therefore, deicing chemicals should be considered as a source of many major and trace constituents in highway and urban runoff.

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