Configuration of Free-Radicals. Non-stereospecificity of cis- and trans-2-Butene-Sulfur Dioxide Copolymerizations

1957 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Skell ◽  
Robert C. Woodworth ◽  
James H. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Cis And Trans

Nucleation by free radicals from the photooxidation of sulfur dioxide in air

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (19) ◽  
pp. 2423-2436 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Friend ◽  
Robert A. Barnes ◽  
Rita M. Vasta
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide

Cis-Trans Isomerization in Natural Polyisoprenes

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Cunneen
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Trans Isomerization ◽  
Cis And Trans Isomers ◽  
Cis And Trans

Abstract The cis and trans isomers of many simple olefins and conjugated polyolefins can be interconverted by the action of heat, light, and various catalysts, and in many such systems the changes in geometric configuration can be readily followed and the isomers separated and identified. Previous attempts to isomerize natural rubber and gutta-percha by treatment with ultraviolet light and various chemicals gave no detectable cis-trans isomerization, and in general configurational changes in unconjugated polyolefins have been unknown until recently when Golub converted the cis-1,4 units in polybutadiene into the corresponding trans units. This isomerization was achieved by irradiation of the cis-polymer with ultraviolet light in the presence of various organic bromides and sulfur compounds, but apparently this method did not isomerize natural rubber. In attempts to retard the rate of crystallization of natural rubber at moderately low temperatures—i.e., −10° to −40° C—by the attachment of side groups which would interfere with the molecular packing, it was observed that very small amounts of thiol acids were remarkably effective. This suggested that structural changes other than simply the attachment of side groups were occurring in the polyisoprene molecule. Recently it was found that thiol acids could interconvert the cis and trans forms of a simple trialkyl ethylene—e.g., 3-methylpent-2-ene—and subsequently, the isomerization of natural rubber and gutta-percha by these reagents was also observed. Following this, natural rubber, gutta-percha, squalene and cis and trans forms of 3-methylpent-2-ene have also been isomerized by treatment with sulfur dioxide and allied compounds; this work, including an investigation of the physical properties of the vulcanizates obtained from some of the isomerized polyisoprenes, is described in the present paper.

THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF HUMULONES AND OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS FROM BEER – A MOLECULAR MODELING APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilija Cvijetić ◽  
◽  
Miljan Bigović ◽  
Petar Ristivojević ◽  
Maja Vitorović-Todorović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Hydrogen Atom Transfer ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Recent Experimental Study ◽  
Cis And Trans

Recent experimental study identified eight potent antioxidants in German beers, including isoxanthohumol, (R)- and (S)-adhumulone, cis– and trans-iso-adhumulone, cis– and trans-iso- n-humulone, and desdimetyhyl-octahydro-iso-cohumulone. To provide insights into the structural basis of their radical scavenging activity, we calculated the thermodynamic feasibility of two common antioxidant mechanisms, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT), using the density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6-311g++(2d,2p) method in the gas phase and implicit solvation model of water. The calculated bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) and ionization potential (IP) of all compounds were compared with the corresponding values for resveratrol, a highly potent antioxidant found in red wine. The fully reduced humulone isomer, desdimetyhyl-octahydro-iso-cohumulone, could scavenge free radicals via HAT as revealed by BDEs 5.1 and 23.9 kJ/mol lower than the values for resveratrol in gas phase and water, respectively. Furthermore, the enolic –OH group was identified as the pharmacophoric hotspot for the interaction of humulones with the reactive free radicals. The HAT potency of this group is significantly reduced through the formation of strong intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) with the β-keto group. Moreover, the SET-PT mechanism was thermodynamically favorable for isoxanthohumol. These results strongly suggest higher antioxidant activity of beers with the increased content of the reduced forms of humulones and their isomers.

Concerning the mechanism of the addition of ethanesulfenyl chloride to 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Baldwin ◽  
R. K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Resonance Spectrum ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Initial Formation ◽  
Cis And Trans Isomers ◽  
Crude Mixture ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cis And Trans

The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, at −40°, of the crude mixture obtained by the reaction of ethanesulfenyl chloride with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran at −40° clearly supports the view that the product is trans-2-chloro-3-ethylthiotetrahydropyran. The possibility that there is initial formation of 3-chloro-2-ethylthiotetrahydropyran followed by its rapid rearrangement to 2-chloro-3-ethylthiotetrahydropyran is ruled out because of the stability of 3-chloro-2-ethylthiotetrahydropyran to distillation under vacuum. The latter compound is obtained as a mixture of cis and trans isomers by the reaction of ethyl mercaptan with 5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in the presence of sulfur dioxide.

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