COMPOUND FORMATION AND SOLUBILITY IN SYSTEMS OF THE TYPE SULFURIC ACID: METAL SULFATE.

1921 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 979-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kendall ◽  
Arthur W. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Metal Sulfate ◽  
Compound Formation

scholarly journals I. The Polymerization of Isobutyl Vinyl Ether Catalyzed by Metal Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Complexes

1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (197) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Yamaoka ◽  
Toshinobu Higashimura ◽  
Seizo Okamura
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Vinyl Ether ◽  
Metal Sulfate

The Salt Makers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wothers
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Metal Sulfate

This chapter looks at the elements from the penultimate group of the periodic table—the halogens (‘salt-formers’). We shall see that the first of these elements was discovered by Scheele during his investigations of the mineral pyrolusite. Lavoisier knew of the element but he failed to recognize it as such since he was convinced the gas had to contain oxygen and so must be a compound. It was left to Davy to prove that this was not so, which led to the English chemist naming this element that had been discovered (but not properly named) over thirty years before by the great Scheele. Davy’s choice was to influence the names given to all the members of this group, including the most recent member named in 2016. There are three common acids known as mineral acids, since they may all be obtained by heating combinations of certain minerals. Their modern names are nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid. Of these three, hydrochloric was probably the last to be discovered. Nitric and sulfuric acids were obtained in the thirteenth or early fourteenth centuries, but the earliest unambiguous preparation of relatively pure hydrochloric acid is from a hundred years later, in a manuscript from Bologna which translates as Secrets for Colour. It gives a curious recipe for a water to soften bones: ‘Take common salt and Roman vitriol in equal quantities, and grind them very well together; then distil them through an alembic, and keep the distilled water in a vessel well closed.’ As we saw in Chapter 3, ‘Roman vitriol’ is a hydrated metal sulfate, probably iron or copper sulfate; its mixture with salt, when heated, produces water and hydrogen chloride, which together form the acid solution. Later texts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries include similar methods to prepare this so-called spirit of salt, or ‘oyle of salt’. The first mentioned use, to soften bones, is indeed best achieved with hydrochloric acid, which readily dissolves the minerals from bone to leave only the organic matter largely intact. Leave a chicken bone in dilute hydrochloric acid for a few hours, and it may easily be bent without breaking.

Deactivation and Compound Formation in Sulfuric-Acid Catalysts and Model Systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Eriksen ◽  
D.A. Karydis ◽  
S. Boghosian ◽  
R. Fehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Compound Formation

Surface Concentrations and Compound Formation in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Acid Strength ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Enthalpy Changes ◽  
Rate Of Reaction

The concentration of free water molecules at the surface of a strong sulfuric acid solution is found to be very low, mainly as a consequence of the formation of acid hydrates. Values of equilibrium constants and enthalpy changes for successive hydration reactions of H2SO4 have been calculated from the variation of water vapour pressure with acid strength and temperature. The results support the conclusion of Fried et al. that the rate of reaction of a molecule such as N2O5 with a sulfuric acid aerosol is controlled by the rate at which the molecule can penetrate into the bulk of the liquid.

scholarly journals High Temperature Pressure Oxidation of a Low-Grade Nickel Sulfide Concentrate with Control of the Residue Composition

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robbie G. McDonald ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Peter J. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Iron Sulfate ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metal Sulfate ◽  
Pressure Oxidation ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Sulfide Content ◽  
Oxidative Transformations

High temperature pressure oxidation of a low-grade nickel concentrate was examined to demonstrate the potential benefits and shortcomings of this approach. The high iron sulfide content ensured that acid generation was much greater than for higher grade concentrates. This results in the formation of basic iron sulfate phases and a significant amount of sulfuric acid. Kinetic sampling during pressure oxidation tests also demonstrated the transformation of sulfide minerals, including the oxidative transformations of pentlandite to violarite and then to vaesite, the latter phase not previously noted in studies of this kind. Finally, addition of a divalent metal sulfate buffer, here magnesium sulfate, mitigates the formation of basic iron sulfates but with greater generation of sulfuric acid in the leach liquor. Under the conditions employed in this study, this acid could be employed to leach other nickel-containing materials such as nickel laterites.

Preparation of Thin Cadmium Telluride Samples for Electron Microscope Studies

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. J. Magee ◽  
J. Peng ◽  
J. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Cadmium Telluride ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solid State Devices

Cadmium telluride has become increasingly important in a number of technological applications, particularly in the area of laser-optical components and solid state devices, Microstructural characterizations of the material have in the past been somewhat limited because of the lack of suitable sample preparation and thinning techniques. Utilizing a modified jet thinning apparatus and a potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid thinning solution, a procedure has now been developed for obtaining thin contamination-free samples for TEM examination.

An Electron Microscope Study of Interdiffusion and Compound Formation in Ta-Au Thin Films

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 32-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Tisone ◽  
S. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Thermally Grown Oxide ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Au Thin Films

In a study of the properties of a Ta-Au metallization system for thin film technology application, the interdiffusion between Ta(bcc)-Au, βTa-Au and Ta2M-Au films was studied. Considered here is a discussion of the use of the transmission electron microscope(TEM) in the identification of phases formed and characterization of the film microstructures before and after annealing.The films were deposited by sputtering onto silicon wafers with 5000 Å of thermally grown oxide. The film thicknesses were 2000 Å of Ta and 2000 Å of Au. Samples for TEM observation were prepared by ultrasonically cutting 3mm disks from the wafers. The disks were first chemically etched from the silicon side using a HNO3 :HF(19:5) solution followed by ion milling to perforation of the Au side.

Physical, Chemical, and Crystallographic Characterization of Anodic Coatings on High Strength Aluminum Base Alloys

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert ◽  
N. T. McDevitt
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Salt Spray ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Anodic Films ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Bond Strengths ◽  
Adhesive Bonded Joints

Durability of adhesive bonded joints in moisture and salt spray environments is essential to USAF aircraft. Structural bonding technology for aerospace applications has depended for many years on the preparation of aluminum surfaces by a sulfuric acid/sodium dichromate (FPL etch) treatment. Recently, specific thin film anodizing techniques, phosphoric acid, and chromic acid anodizing have been developed which not only provide good initial bond strengths but vastly improved environmental durability. These thin anodic films are in contrast to the commonly used thick anodic films such as the sulfuric acid or "hard" sulfuric acid anodic films which are highly corrosion resistant in themselves, but which do not provide good initial bond strengths, particularly in low temperature peel.The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of anodic films on aluminum alloys that make them corrosion resistant. The chemical composition, physical morphology and structure, and mechanical properties of the thin oxide films were to be defined and correlated with the environmental stability of these surfaces in humidity and salt spray. It is anticipated that anodic film characteristics and corrosion resistance will vary with the anodizing processing conditions.

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