MIXED CATALYSTS IN THE FRIEDEL AND CRAFTS REACTION. THE YIELD OF BENZOPHENONE FROM BENZOYL CHLORIDE AND BENZENE USING FERRIC CHLORIDE—ALUMINUM CHLORIDE MIXTURES AS CATALYSTS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 4365-4369 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Riddell ◽  
C. R. Noller
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Benzoyl Chloride

CATALYSTS IN THE PREPARATION OF O-BENZOYLBENZOIC ACID AND ETHYLBENZENES BY THE FRIEDEL AND CRAFTS REACTION

1930 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gallay ◽  
G. S. Whitby
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Phthalic Anhydride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride

In the preparation of o-benzoylbenzoic acid from benzene and phthalic anhydride, ferric chloride is a much poorer catalyst than aluminum chloride, but an equimolecular mixture of ferric and aluminum chlorides, although less active than aluminum chloride itself, possesses an activity greater than the sum of the activities of its components separately. Ferric chloride is not a catalyst for the combination of benzene and ethylene. Amalgamated aluminum is a better catalyst than aluminum chloride for both of the reactions mentioned.

Concentration of enteroviruses from large volumes of turbid estuary water

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 770-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Sobsey ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Craig Wallis ◽  
Joseph L. Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Glycine Buffer ◽  
In Series ◽  
Overall Efficiency

A method is described for the efficient concentration of viruses from large volumes of highly turbid estuary water. Virus in acidified sea water in the presence of aluminum chloride is adsorbed to a 10-in. (about 25.4 cm) fibreglass depth cartridge and 2- and 0.65-μm epoxy-fibreglass filters in series. This filter series is capable of efficiently adsorbing enteroviruses from 50 U.S. gallons (about 190 ℓ) of estuary water of varying salinity and turbidity. Adsorbed viruses were eluted from the filters with glycine buffer (pH 11.5) and the eluate reconcentrated by using a precipitate formed by the addition of ferric chloride. Viruses were eluted from this precipitate with fetal calf serum. Using this procedure, four different enteroviruses in 50 gallons (about 190 ℓ) of estuary water were concentrated 9 000- to 12 000-fold with an overall efficiency of 41%.

Phosphorus Removal in Biological Aerated Filters by Chemically Enhanced

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 4821-4826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ying Ma ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Wen Yi Dong
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Biological Aerated Filter ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Aeration Intensity ◽  
Aerated Filter

Phosphorus removal by biological aerated filter(BAF) is ineffective, its effluent TP is much more than 0.5mg/L, so chemically enhanced phosphorus removal is neccessary. To solve this problem, domestic wastewater through BAF by adding metal salts in the aerobic tank was studied. The ferric chloride and aluminum chloride were chosen as the metal salts. The results showed that: the removal rate of TP rose with the Me/P (Me=Fe, Al)mass ratio increased, the influence on other performance of BAF by chemically enhanced synchronously was not severe, with TP in the effluent below the standard of 0.5mg/L; to ensure the concentration of effluent TP was less than 0.5mg/L, the optimum mass ratios of dosing were Fe/P=3, Al/P=2.5; proper aeration intensity could maintain the proper micro-flocculation state in BAF, which was helpful to TP removal.

A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY OF ALUMINUM AND FERRIC CHLORIDES IN THE FRIEDEL AND CRAFTS REACTION

1929 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Boswell ◽  
R. R. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Striking Result ◽  
Adsorbed Gas ◽  
Factors Influencing

In the preparation of aluminum chloride by the action of hydrogen chloride on the metal, hydrogen chloride is adsorbed and can be recovered to the extent of about 9 cc. per gram. After sublimation in nitrogen and re-sublimation in hydrogen chloride, however, the amount of adsorption is smaller and irregular. The adsorbed gas is not removed by a stream of nitrogen at room temperature. The activities in the Friedel and Crafts reaction of various preparations of aluminum chloride and of ferric chloride and of mixtures of these were determined; the order of decreasing activity was found to be as follows: a mixture of aluminum chloride and ferric chloride, aluminum chloride made by the action of hydrogen chloride on aluminum, aluminum chloride made by the action of chlorine on aluminum, a mixture of aluminum chloride and partially reduced ferric chloride, ferric chloride, and partially reduced ferric chloride. The most striking result of the measurements is that although ferric chloride alone has an activity of only about one-third that of aluminum chloride, an approximately equimolecular mixture of the two has an activity somewhat greater than that of pure aluminum chloride.

Synthesis and Application of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Flocculant

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1940-1943
Author(s):  
Lei Li ◽  
Guang Hua Wang ◽  
Wen Bing Li ◽  
Wen Min Liu ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coking Wastewater ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Organic Hybrid ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

A series of inorganic-organic hybrid flocculants were synthesized by using aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, polyacrylamide (neutral & cationic) and polydimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride as raw materials. Effect of mass ratio of inorganic and organic polymeric flocculant, basicity, categories of inorganic and organic polymeric flocculant on the regeneration of coking wastewater was investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions of preparation the title hybrid flocculant were: mass ratio 100, basicity 1.5, inorganic polymeric flocculant PAFC and organic polymeric flocculant CPAM. The removals of CODCr and chroma were 43.48% and 71.88%, respectively, when the pH of raw water was approximately 7 and the dose of flocculant was 360 mg•L–1.

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