STUDIES ON LEVULINIC ACID. I. ITS PREPARATION FROM CARBOHYDRATES BY DIGESTION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID UNDER PRESSURE

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 2324-2328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. Thomas ◽  
H. A. Schuette
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid

scholarly journals Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Sulphated Zirconia—HCl System for Levulinic Acid and Solid Residue Production Using Microwave Irradiation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1582
Author(s):  
George Hurst ◽  
Juan Maria González-Carballo ◽  
Lubomira Tosheva ◽  
Silvia Tedesco
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Sulphated Zirconia ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The synergistic conversion of Miscanthus xGiganteous with sulphated zirconia and dilute hydrochloric acid was investigated. The sulphated zirconia was prepared using H2SO4 impregnation and characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Miscroscope (SEM) spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The microwave-assisted reaction was evaluated at various temperatures, reaction times and catalyst-to-biomass ratios, with and without the presence of trace HCl in the solution medium for the conversion of Miscanthus xGiganteous to levulinic acid. The highest levulinic acid yield of 63.8% was achieved at 160 °C, 80 min and a 2:1 catalyst-to-biomass ratio, with 10 mM HCl. The catalyst recyclability was investigated with and without calcination, finding that significant humin deposition on the catalyst surface likely caused catalyst deactivation. The post-reaction solid residue was also characterised using SEM, EDX, XRD, elemental composition and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. Findings indicate that this residue could potentially be used as a soil amendment or as a fuel source. The synergistic conversion of real lignocellulosic biomass with sulphated zirconia and trace hydrochloric acid showed remarkable promise and should be investigated further.

Effective Production of Levulinic Acid from Biomass through Pretreatment Using Phosphoric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, or Ionic Liquid

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (29) ◽  
pp. 11611-11621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Muranaka ◽  
Tatsuya Suzuki ◽  
Hiroyuki Sawanishi ◽  
Isao Hasegawa ◽  
Kazuhiro Mae
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid

Fine Structure of Platelet Interaction with a New Microcrystalline Collagen Preparation

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
W. H. Zucker ◽  
R. G. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Hemostatic Agent ◽  
Native Collagen ◽  
Fibrillar Morphology ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
New Form

Platelet adhesion initiates platelet aggregation and is an important component of the hemostatic process. Since the development of a new form of collagen as a topical hemostatic agent is of both basic and clinical interest, an ultrastructural and hematologic study of the interaction of platelets with the microcrystalline collagen preparation was undertaken.In this study, whole blood anticoagulated with EDTA was used in order to inhibit aggregation and permit study of platelet adhesion to collagen as an isolated event. The microcrystalline collagen was prepared from bovine dermal corium; milling was with sharp blades. The preparation consists of partial hydrochloric acid amine collagen salts and retains much of the fibrillar morphology of native collagen.

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