Resin Acids. I. An Improved Method of Isolation of Resin Acids; The Isolation of a New Abietic-Type1Acid, Neoabietic Acid

1948 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Harris ◽  
Thomas F. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Resin Acids ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Neoabietic Acid

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Natural Colophony from Pinus Brutia and Comparison with Synthetic Colophony

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet C. Gören ◽  
Gökhan Bilsel ◽  
Alp Hakan Öztürk ◽  
Gulaçtı Topçu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Neoabietic Acid ◽  
Natural Resins ◽  
Main Components

The compositions of colophony resins obtained from Pinus brutia Ten trees by three different methods (acid paste, carved hole and scraping) from Ayvacık, Gökova and Kemalpaşa in Turkey were analyzed by capillary GC-MS. The main components were the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, and Δ3-carene, and the diterpenic resin acids palustric, abietic, kaur-9(11)-16-en-18-oic and neoabietic acid. The synthetic colophony resins exhibited similar contents to those of the natural resins obtained from the Gökova and Kemalpaşa regions of Turkey. However, colophony resins from Ayvacık exhibited only half the diterpenic acid content as those of the Gökova and Kemalpaşa resins. Out of the three techniques, the carved hole method caused rather different percentages in the constituents of the essential oils.

Resin Acids. II. The Structure of Neoabietic Acid

1948 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Harris ◽  
Thomas F. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Resin Acids ◽  
Neoabietic Acid

scholarly journals Reaction Mechanism About Isomerization of Resin Acids and Synthesis of Acrylopimaric Acid Based on DFT Calculation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu-Ji Lai ◽  
Jia-Hao Lu ◽  
Rui Jiang ◽  
Lei Zeng ◽  
Ai-qun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Electrostatic Potential ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Addition Reaction ◽  
Density Functional Theory Calculation ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Levopimaric Acid ◽  
Neoabietic Acid

Abstract Acrylopimaric acid is considered one of the possible substitutes for petroleum-based polymeric monomers, which is an important industrial product. Resin acids were isomerized to form levopimaric acid(4), which reacted with acrylic acid to synthesize isomers of acrylopimaric acid. Density functional theory calculation was used to investigate the reaction mechanisms with seven reaction paths in five different solutions. The values of ΔG were sorted from highest to lowest by levopimaric acid(4), neoabietic acid(3), palustric acid(2), and bietic acid(1). From the perspective of dynamics, the energy barrier in the isomerization of palustric acid(2) to levopimaric acid(4) was the lowest, whereas the highest energy barrier was the isomerization of neoabietic acid(3) to levopimaric acid(4) in the same solution. The addition reaction of levopimaric acid(4) and acrylic acid(5) to acrylopimaric acid c(8) was the optimal reaction path dynamically. However, ΔG of acrylopimaric acid c(8) was higher than that of acrylopimaric acid d(9). In general, the rates of isomerization reactions for rosin resin acids and addition reaction for acrylopimaric acid in water were higher than those in other solvents. HOMO-LUMO and ESP were analyzed for 8 kinds of molecules. For acylpyimaric acid, the non-planar six-memed ring and the C-C double bonds were easily attacked by nucleophile, while the non-planar six-memed ring and the carboxyl group are easily reacted with electrophiles. The highest electrostatic potential of the eight molecules is located at H of the carboxyl group, while the highest electrostatic potential is located at C-O double bond of the carboxyl group.

Treating Scots pine seedlings with the herbicide atrazine does not affect shoot chemistry or feeding and oviposition by Lygusrugulipennis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen ◽  
Jaana Tuhkalainen ◽  
Pirjo Kainulainen ◽  
Heli Satka
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Neoabietic Acid ◽  
Atrazine Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Atrazine ◽  
Total Concentrations

Polyphagous Lygus (Heteroptera: Miridae) bugs, which have one of the widest documented host-plant ranges, have accepted nursery-grown conifer seedlings as host plants only recently. One explanation for this adaptation to the conifer nursery environment could be the increased attractiveness of conifer seedlings due to herbicide treatments. In three laboratory experiments, we tested whether atrazine treatments (2 or 4 kg•ha−1) affected shoot chemistry of pine seedlings and the feeding and oviposition behaviour of the European tarnished plant bug, Lygusrugulipennis Popp. Shoot growth of the pine seedlings was decreased by the atrazine treatment (2 kg•ha−1) in only one experiment. The number of feeding lesions caused by Lygus bugs and the number of eggs laid per seedling were not affected by herbicide treatments, nor was the proportion of seedlings damaged. Concentrations of total amino acids were not affected by the herbicide in any of the experiments. In one experiment, the level of lysine was increased in the atrazine treatment. Terpenes and resin acids were analysed only in one experiment, and total concentrations of these defence compounds were not affected by atrazine. Dominant monoterpenes were α-pinene and 3-carene, the latter varying strongly between individual seedlings. Abietic acid and neoabietic acid were the dominant abietane and pimarane resin acids. The results suggest that applications of atrazine are not likely to reduce the resistance of pine seedlings to Lygus bugs. Herbicides may have an indirect effect by reducing the availability of alternative host plants for bugs. Other potential causes for increased numbers of Lygus bugs on nursery-grown conifer seedlings are discussed.

Wound-induced changes of resin acid concentrations in living bark of Scots pine seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Gref ◽  
Anders Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Resin Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Neoabietic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
One Year

One-year-old Pinussylvestris (L.) seedlings were wounded at the stem base by stripping off stem bark pieces of approximately 10 mm in length and covering about 50% of the stem circumference. The seedlings were thereafter planted out in the field or in a climate chamber. The field experiment was repeated on four different planting dates. Wounded and control seedlings were successively harvested for gas chromatographic determination of changes in resin acid concentrations of the bark surrounding the wounded area. Independent of planting date, wounded seedlings were found to have higher concentrations of total resin acids than corresponding controls. The most important quantitative changes in resin acids were observed for isopimaric, levopimaric + palustric, dehydroabietie, abietic, and neoabietic acid. In wounded seedlings the concentration of dehydroabietic acid showed the most significant increase, both in the field and in climate chamber experiments. This increase was rapid and appeared within 1 week in the field and within 3 days in the climate chamber. The other resin acids identified showed a somewhat similar variation pattern, but the differences were not as distinct as for dehydroabietic acid. These wound-induced rapid changes in resin acid concentrations could be important for resistance to pathogens.

An Improved Method for the Preparation and TEM Examination of Sharp Pointed Tips used in APFIM and STM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
E.A. Fischione ◽  
P.E. Fischione ◽  
J.J. Haugh ◽  
M.G. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Atom Probe ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Polishing Process ◽  
Probe Field ◽  
Scanning Tunnelling ◽  
Stm Tips ◽  
Tunnelling Microscopy ◽  
Ion Microscopy

A common requirement for both Atom Probe Field-Ion Microscopy (APFIM) and Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) is a sharp pointed tip for use as either the specimen (APFIM) or the probe (STM). Traditionally, tips have been prepared by either chemical or electropolishing techniques. Recently, ion-milling has been successfully employed in the production of APFIM tips [1]. Conventional electropolishing techniques are applicable to a wide variety of metals, but generally require careful manual adjustments during the polishing process and may also be time-consuming. In order to reduce the time and effort involved in the preparation process, a compact, self-contained polishing unit has been developed. This system is based upon the conventional two-stage electropolishing technique in which the specimen/tip blank is first locally thinned or “necked”, and subsequently electropolished until separation occurs.[2,3] The result of this process is the production of two APFIM or STM tips. A mechanized polishing unit that provides these functions while automatically maintaining alignment has been designed and developed.

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of elastic tissue in archival material using an improved method

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 794-795
Author(s):  
J. C. Fanning ◽  
J. F. White ◽  
R. Polewski ◽  
E. G. Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Normal Animal ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Elastic Tissue ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
Biochemical Examination

Elastic tissue is an important component of the walls of arteries and veins, of skin, of the lungs and in lesser amounts, of many other tissues. It is responsible for the rubber-like properties of the arteries and for the normal texture of young skin. It undergoes changes in a number of important diseases such as atherosclerosis and emphysema and on exposure of skin to sunlight.We have recently described methods for the localizationof elastic tissue components in normal animal and human tissues. In the study of developing and diseased tissues it is often not possible to obtain samples which have been optimally prepared for immuno-electron microscopy. Sometimes there is also a need to examine retrospectively samples collected some years previously. We have therefore developed modifications to our published methods to allow examination of human and animal tissue samples obtained at surgery or during post mortem which have subsequently been: 1. stored frozen at -35° or -70°C for biochemical examination; 2.

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