Ion-solvent interaction. Effect of added polar aprotic solvents on the conductances of tertiary ammonium salts in o-dichlorobenzene at 25.deg.

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (26) ◽  
pp. 8551-8559 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Aitken ◽  
W. R. Gilkerson
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Solvent Interaction

Synthesis, chemical–optical characterization and solvent interaction effect of novel fluorene-chromophores with D–A–D structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Rodríguez-Romero ◽  
Laura Aparicio-Ixta ◽  
Mario Rodríguez ◽  
Gabriel Ramos-Ortíz ◽  
José Luis Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Optical Characterization ◽  
Solvent Interaction

scholarly journals Effects of solvent and structure on the reactivity of 2-substituted nicotinic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in aprotic solvents

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-579
Author(s):  
Sasa Drmanic ◽  
Jasmina Nikolic ◽  
Bratislav Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Substituent Effect ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Complete Form ◽  
Solute Solvent Interaction

The rate constants for the reactions of diazodiphenylmethane (DDM) with 2-substituted nicotinic acids in nine aprotic solvents at 30?C were determined. The obtained second order rate constants in aprotic solvents were correlated using the Kamlet?Taft solvatochromic equation in the complete form: log k = log k0 + s?* + a??+ b?. The correlations of the kinetic data were realized by means of multiple linear regression analysis. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of the initial and the transition state of the reaction and compared with previously determined kinetic data for nicotinic acid. The signs of the equation coefficients (s, a and b) are in agreement with the reaction mechanism and the influence of the solvent on the reaction rate is discussed based on the correlation results. The mode of the transmission of the substituent effect is discussed in light of the contribution of solute?solvent interaction to the reactivity of the acid. The substituent effect was additionally analyzed by the Hammett equation, log k = p??+ log k0.

Solvent Effects on the Fluorescence Properties of Methyldihydroquinolinones

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezhana Bakalova
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Fluorescence Spectra ◽  
General Type ◽  
Fluorescence Enhancement ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Absorption And Fluorescence Spectra ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Fluorescence Quantum Yields ◽  
Protic Solvents

Abstract The absorption and fluorescence spectra and the fluorescence quantum yields of two methyl-2,3- dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinones in various solvents are reported. In some solvents deuteration-induced fluorescence enhancement has been observed. The solvent effects in aprotic solvents are consistent with the general type of solvent interaction. For protic solvents, solute-solvent complexation in the excited state is suggested

scholarly journals Effects of solvent and structure on the reactivity of 6-substituted nicotinic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in aprotic solvents

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1359-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasa Drmanic ◽  
Aleksandar Marinkovic ◽  
Bratislav Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Substituent Effect ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Protic Solvents ◽  
Linear Solvation Energy ◽  
Nucleophilic Solvation

The rate constants for the reactions of diazodiphenylmethane (DDM) with 6-substituted nicotinic acids in aprotic solvents at 30?C were determined. The obtained second order rate constants in aprotic solvents, together with literature data for benzoic and nicotinic acids in protic solvents, were used for the calculation of solvent effects, employing the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation (linear solvation energy relationship - LSER) in the form: log k = log k0 + + s?*+ a? + b?. The correlations of the kinetic data were performed by means of multiple linear regression analysis taking appropriate solvent parameters. The sign of the equation coefficients (s, a and b) were in agreement with the postulated reaction mechanism, and the mode of the solvent influences on the reaction rate is discussed based on the correlation results. A similar contribution of the non-specific solvent effect and electrophilic solvation was observed for all acids, while the highest contribution of nucleophilic solvation was influenced by their high acidity. Correlation analysis of the rate data with substituent ?p parameters in an appropriate solvent using the Hammett equation was also performed. The substituent effect on the acid reactivity was higher in aprotic solvents of higher dipolarity/polarizability. The mode of the transmission of the substituent effect is discussed in light of the contribution of solute-solvent interaction on the acid reactivity.

5-Substituted 2-furancarbaldehydes and water-soluble furan derivatives

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Végh ◽  
Jaroslav Kováč ◽  
Miloslava Dandárová
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Furan Ring ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Furan Derivatives ◽  
Simple Preparation

5-Halo-2-furaldehydes Ia, Ib react with trimethylamine in aprotic solvents to furnish 5-trimethyl-ammonium salts of 2-furaldehyde IIa, IIb. The reactivity of this salt was utilized for a simple preparation of 5-substituted 2-furaldehydes IV in water at room temperature. The possibility to synthesize azomethines V and ethylenes VI, having the trimethylammonium group in position 5 of the furan ring maintained, is discussed.

When Apologies for Injustice Matter

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
David De Cremer ◽  
Barbara C. Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Organizational Survey ◽  
Experimental Laboratory

The present research examined the idea that the effectiveness of apologies on promoting fairness perceptions depends on how meaningful and sincere the apology is experienced. More precisely, it was predicted that apologies are more effective when they are communicated by an authority being respectful to others. A study using a cross-sectional organizational survey showed that an apology (relative to giving no apology) revealed higher fairness perceptions, but only so when the authority was respectful rather than disrespectful. In a subsequent experimental laboratory study the same interaction effect (as in Study 1) on fairness perceptions was found. In addition, a similar interaction effect also emerged on participants’ self-evaluations in terms of relational appreciation (i.e., feeling valued and likeable). Finally, these self-evaluations accounted (at least partly) for the interactive effect on fairness perceptions.

When Does Voice Have to be More Than Only Listening? Procedural Justice Effects as a Function of Confident Leadership

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
David De Cremer ◽  
Maarten Wubben
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Negative Emotions

The present research examined how voice procedures and leader confidence affect participants’ negative emotions and willingness to withdraw. It was predicted that receiving voice would be valued out of instrumental concerns, but only when the enacting leader was high in confidence. Two laboratory experiments indeed showed an interaction between type of voice (pre-decisional vs. post-decisional) and leader’s confidence (low vs. high) on participants’ negative emotions and willingness to withdraw. In particular, post-decision voice only led to more negative responses than did pre-decision voice when the enacting leader was high in confidence. Negative emotions mediated this interaction effect of type of voice on willingness to withdraw. Implications for integrating the leadership and procedural justice literatures are discussed.

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