Mechanism of formation of Grignard reagents. Rate of reaction of cyclopentyl bromide with a rotating disk of magnesium

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (18) ◽  
pp. 5475-5479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S. Root ◽  
John Deutch ◽  
George M. Whitesides
Keyword(s):  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Rate Of Reaction

Mechanism of formation of Grignard reagents. Kinetics of reaction of alkyl halides in diethyl ether with magnesium

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold R. Rogers ◽  
Craig L. Hill ◽  
Yuzo Fujiwara ◽  
Randall J. Rogers ◽  
H. Lee Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Kinetics Of Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of

The Kinetics and Mechanism of Formation of Calcium Sulfate Scale Minerals—The Influence of Inhibitors

CORROSION ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE H. NANCOLLAS ◽  
WESLEY WHITE ◽  
FELIX TSAI ◽  
LARRY MAS LOW
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Seeded Growth ◽  
Langmuir Adsorption ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Scale ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
Growth Method ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Abstract A seeded growth method has been used to study the kinetics of crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate at various temperatures and at ionic strengths up to 0.6M. Under all conditions, the rate of reaction is proportional to the square of the relative supersaturation and is controlled by a surface process. The same kinetics are applicable for the growth of calcium sulfate hemihydrate at temperatures above 110 C. The organic phosphonates effectively retard scale formation, and diethylenetriaminepenta (methylenephosphonic acid), when present at a concentration as low as 10−7M, completely inhibits the growth of calicum sulfate hemihydrate at 120 C. By assuming that the inhibitor molecules are adsorbed on growth sites on the surface of the crystals, the inhibition can be interpreted in terms of a simple Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Mechanism of formation of Grignard reagents. Corrosion of metallic magnesium by alkyl halides in ethers

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1020-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig L. Hill ◽  
John B. Vander Sande ◽  
George M. Whitesides
Keyword(s):  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Metallic Magnesium

Measuring the Reaction Rate of Lactic Acid With Calcite and Dolomite by Use of the Rotating-Disk Apparatus

SPE Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. 1192-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Rabie ◽  
Daniel C. Shedd ◽  
Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Surface Reaction ◽  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Acid Fracturing ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
Indiana Limestone ◽  
Kinetics Of

Summary Lactic acid has been examined in various laboratories and applied in the oil field for acid fracturing and drilling-fluid-filter-cake removal, and as an iron-control agent during acid treatments. However, the reaction of lactic acid with calcite has not been addressed before. Determination of the reaction rate and the acid-diffusion properties is a critical step for successful treatments in matrix acidizing and acid fracturing. Therefore, the objective of this work is to conduct a detailed study on the reaction of lactic acid with calcite. Mass transfer and reaction kinetics are reported for the lactic acid/calcite system by use of the rotating-disk apparatus. Disk samples were cut from Indiana limestone or Silurian dolomite and were used in the reaction-rate experiments. The effect of lactic acid concentration (1, 5, and 10 wt%), temperature (80–250°F), disk rotational speed (100–1,800 rev/min), and different inorganic salts on the reaction rate was investigated. The diffusion coefficient of 5 wt% lactic acid was determined at low disk rotational speeds and reported at 80, 200, and 250°F. A model that accounts for the effect of the kinetics of the surface reactions and the transport of reactants and products was developed. The activation energy and the rate constant at 80, 150, and 250°F for the reaction of lactic acid with Indiana limestone were reported. Reaction experiments of lactic acid with dolomite at 150°F over disk rotational speeds of 100–1,800 rev/min, and at 1,500 rev/min over a temperature range of 80–250°F, were conducted and the results were compared with those obtained for the calcite reaction. At 80°F, the reaction of lactic acid with calcite was controlled by mass transfer at low disk rotational speeds (up to 500 rev/min) and was surface reaction limited at higher speeds. At higher temperatures (150, 200, and 250°F), both mass transfer and surface reaction influence the overall calcite dissolution. The kinetics of the surface reaction were influenced by both forward and backward reactions. At 80°F, the surface reaction contributes to 28% of the overall resistance. This dependence becomes much less (13 and 10%) at higher temperatures (150 and 250°F, respectively). The reaction of lactic acid with dolomite at 150°F was mainly controlled by mass transfer up to 1,000 rev/min and by the kinetics of the surface reaction after 1,000 rev/min. At 80 and 150°F, the rate of reaction of lactic acid with calcite was an order of magnitude higher than that with dolomite. At temperatures of 200 and 250°F, the rate of reaction of lactic acid with calcite is twice the rate of reaction with dolomite. The presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42− ions reduced the reaction rate, which is most likely because of the reduction in the concentration gradient of the products. The reduction in the concentration gradient will cause a reduction in the rate of diffusion of the generated calcium away from the surface, and hence a lower rate of dissolution.

Mechanism of formation of Grignard reagents

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 3163-3166 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Vogler ◽  
R. L. Stein ◽  
J. M. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation
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