Methane-producing hydrogenolysis of (.eta.5-cyclopentadienyl)(triphenylphosphine)dimethylcobalt(III). An autocatalytic mechanism involving a binuclear metal dihydride/metal dialkyl reaction as a critical step

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 2488-2489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Janowicz ◽  
Robert G. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Step ◽  
Binuclear Metal ◽  
Autocatalytic Mechanism

scholarly journals Mechanism of Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA Formation

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1463
Author(s):  
Lei Wei ◽  
Alexander Ploss
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Hbv Cccdna ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Comprehensive Picture

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major medical problem affecting at least 257 million chronically infected patients who are at risk of developing serious, frequently fatal liver diseases. HBV is a small, partially double-stranded DNA virus that goes through an intricate replication cycle in its native cellular environment: human hepatocytes. A critical step in the viral life-cycle is the conversion of relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the latter being the major template for HBV gene transcription. For this conversion, HBV relies on multiple host factors, as enzymes capable of catalyzing the relevant reactions are not encoded in the viral genome. Combinations of genetic and biochemical approaches have produced findings that provide a more holistic picture of the complex mechanism of HBV cccDNA formation. Here, we review some of these studies that have helped to provide a comprehensive picture of rcDNA to cccDNA conversion. Mechanistic insights into this critical step for HBV persistence hold the key for devising new therapies that will lead not only to viral suppression but to a cure.

scholarly journals The Role of Capsid in HIV-1 Nuclear Entry

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1425
Author(s):  
Anabel Guedán ◽  
Eve R. Caroe ◽  
Genevieve C. R. Barr ◽  
Kate N. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Outer Face ◽  
Nuclear Entry ◽  
Nuclear Compartment ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Gain Access

HIV-1 can infect non-dividing cells. The nuclear envelope therefore represents a barrier that HIV-1 must traverse in order to gain access to the host cell chromatin for integration. Hence, nuclear entry is a critical step in the early stages of HIV-1 replication. Following membrane fusion, the viral capsid (CA) lattice, which forms the outer face of the retroviral core, makes numerous interactions with cellular proteins that orchestrate the progress of HIV-1 through the replication cycle. The ability of CA to interact with nuclear pore proteins and other host factors around the nuclear pore determines whether nuclear entry occurs. Uncoating, the process by which the CA lattice opens and/or disassembles, is another critical step that must occur prior to integration. Both early and delayed uncoating have detrimental effects on viral infectivity. How uncoating relates to nuclear entry is currently hotly debated. Recent technological advances have led to intense discussions about the timing, location, and requirements for uncoating and have prompted the field to consider alternative uncoating scenarios that presently focus on uncoating at the nuclear pore and within the nuclear compartment. This review describes recent advances in the study of HIV-1 nuclear entry, outlines the interactions of the retroviral CA protein, and discusses the challenges of investigating HIV-1 uncoating.

A critical step in the folding of influenza virus HA determined with a novel folding assay

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Claudia Maggioni ◽  
I Marije Liscaljet ◽  
Ineke Braakman
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Critical Step

Design of Marine Data Warehouse ETL System

2014 ◽  
Vol 668-669 ◽  
pp. 1374-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jun Wen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Marine Data ◽  
Data Extracting ◽  
Marine Environmental

ETL refers to the process of data extracting, transformation and loading and is deemed as a critical step in ensuring the quality, data specification and standardization of marine environmental data. Marine data, due to their complication, field diversity and huge volume, still remain decentralized, polyphyletic and isomerous with different semantics and hence far from being able to provide effective data sources for decision making. ETL enables the construction of marine environmental data warehouse in the form of cleaning, transformation, integration, loading and periodic updating of basic marine data warehouse. The paper presents a research on rules for cleaning, transformation and integration of marine data, based on which original ETL system of marine environmental data warehouse is so designed and developed. The system further guarantees data quality and correctness in analysis and decision-making based on marine environmental data in the future.

scholarly journals Spreadability Testing of Powder for Additive Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Christopher Neil Hulme-Smith ◽  
Vignesh Hari ◽  
Pelle Mellin
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Spreading Speed ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Robust Image

AbstractThe spreading of powders into thin layers is a critical step in powder bed additive manufacturing, but there is no accepted technique to test it. There is not even a metric that can be used to describe spreading behaviour. A robust, image-based measurement procedure has been developed and can be implemented at modest cost and with minimal training. The analysis is automated to derive quantitative information about the characteristics of the spread layer. The technique has been demonstrated for three powders to quantify their spreading behaviour as a function of layer thickness and spreading speed.

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