Stepwise reduction of acetonitrile in [Tp'(CO)(PhC.tplbond.CMe)W(N.tplbond.CCH3)][BF4]

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (16) ◽  
pp. 6477-6478 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Feng ◽  
Joseph L. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Stepwise Reduction

Air Bridge Technology: A Comparison of Novel Interconnect Materials and Integration Schemes for Beyond 45 nm

2003 ◽  
Vol 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Foster ◽  
Joost Waeterloos ◽  
Don Frye ◽  
Steve Froelicher ◽  
Mike Mills
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Effective Dielectric Constant ◽  
Device Performance ◽  
Interlayer Dielectric ◽  
Integration Schemes ◽  
Stepwise Reduction ◽  
Bridge Technology ◽  
Integrated Device ◽  
Compare And Contrast

AbstractThe electronics industry, in a continual drive for improved integrated device performance, is seeking increasingly lower dielectric constants (k) of the insulators that are used as interlayer dielectric (ILD) for advanced logic interconnects. As the industry continually seeks a stepwise reduction of the “effective” dielectric constant (keff), simple extendibility, leads to the consideration of the highest performance possible, namely air bridge technology. In this paper we will discuss requirements, integration schemes and properties for a novel class of materials that has been developed as part of an advanced technology probe into air bridge architecture. We will compare and contrast these potential technology offerings with other existing dense and porous ILD integration options, and show that the choice is neither trivial nor obvious.

The role of elasticity in thixotropy: Transient elastic stress during stepwise reduction in shear rate

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 033112
Author(s):  
Jiho Choi ◽  
Matthew Armstrong ◽  
Simon A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Elastic Stress ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

The effect of an abrupt stepwise reduction in pressure on the integrity of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell envelope

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Bavouzet ◽  
Christine Lafforgue-Delorme ◽  
Christian Fonade ◽  
Gérard Goma
Keyword(s):  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Prokaryotic Cell ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

scholarly journals Measurement and Modeling of Thermal Conductivity for Dense Iron Oxide and Porous Iron Ore Aggliomerates in Stepwise Reduction.

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 829-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Akiyama ◽  
Hiromichi Ohta ◽  
Reijiro Takahashi ◽  
Yoshio Waseda ◽  
Jun-ichiro Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Porous Iron ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

scholarly journals Improving Quinolone Use in Hospitals by Using a Bundle of Interventions in an Interrupted Time Series Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 3763-3769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Willemsen ◽  
Ben Cooper ◽  
Carin van Buitenen ◽  
Marjolein Winters ◽  
Gunnar Andriesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

ABSTRACT The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of multiple targeted interventions on the level of use of quinolones and the observed rates of resistance to quinolones in Escherichia coli isolates from hospitalized patients. A bundle consisting of four interventions to improve the use of quinolones was implemented. The outcome was measured from the monthly levels of use of intravenous (i.v.) and oral quinolones and the susceptibility patterns for E. coli isolates from hospitalized patients. Statistical analyses were performed using segmented regression analysis and segmented Poisson regression models. Before the bundle was implemented, the annual use of quinolones was 2.7 defined daily doses (DDDs)/100 patient days. After the interventions, in 2007, this was reduced to 1.7 DDDs/100 patient days. The first intervention, a switch from i.v. to oral medication, was associated with a stepwise reduction in i.v. quinolone use of 71 prescribed daily doses (PDDs) per month (95% confidence interval [CI] = 47 to 95 PDDs/month, P < 0.001). Intervention 2, introduction of a new antibiotic guideline and education program, was associated with a stepwise reduction in the overall use of quinolones (reduction, 107 PDDs/month [95% CI = 58 to 156 PDDs/month). Before the interventions the quinolone resistance rate was increasing, on average, by 4.6% (95% CI = 2.6 to 6.1%) per year. This increase leveled off, which was associated with intervention 2 and intervention 4, active monitoring of prescriptions and feedback. Trends in resistance to other antimicrobial agents did not change. This study showed that the hospital-wide use of quinolones can be significantly reduced by an active policy consisting of multiple interventions. There was also a stepwise reduction in the rate of quinolone resistance associated with the bundle of interventions.

Stepwise Reduction of Four Carbonyl Ligands in (η5-C5H4Me)4Fe4(μ3-CO)4To Produce Clusters Containing μ3-Methylidyne and/or Acetylene Ligands

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (17) ◽  
pp. 4055-4061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Okazaki ◽  
Takeo Ohtani ◽  
Masato Takano ◽  
Hiroshi Ogino
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Ligands ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

Contributions of pressure and flow sensitivity to autoregulation in mesenteric arterioles

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 1686-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Johnson ◽  
M Intaglietta
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Stepwise Reduction ◽  
Fourth Series ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Intravascular Pressure

The relative influence of presence and flow on dilation of arterioles with pressure reduction was examined in preparations of cat mesentery. Erythrocyte velocity and diameter were measured in individual arterioles during stepwise reduction in mesenteric arterial pressure. Volume flow was calculated from velocity and diameter data. Approximately half of the arterioles which dilated with pressure reduction also showed an increase in volume flow. In a second series of experiments, a graded reduction of flow in single arterioles was produced by local downstream occlusion. Graded occlusion caused dilation. In a third series, flow in single arterioles was completely stopped by downstream occlusion, and arterial pressure was then lowered. Most arterioles dilated with pressure reduction. In a fourth series, flow in the total preparation was completely stopped and static intravascular pressure set by a reservoir. Elevation of static pressure typically produced arteriolar constriction. We conclude from these studies that the mesenteric arteriole is sensitive both to intravascular pressure and flow, with the former probably more important than the latter in the phenomenon of autoregulation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Left Main Coronary Artery Using Optical Frequency Domain Imaging and Its Pitfalls

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Vincent Roule ◽  
Idir Rebouh ◽  
Adrien Lemaitre ◽  
Mathieu Bignon ◽  
Pierre Ardouin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Optical Frequency ◽  
Left Main ◽  
Circumflex Artery ◽  
Optical Frequency Domain Imaging ◽  
Left Circumflex Artery ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Stepwise Reduction ◽  
Residual Blood

Objectives. We aimed to assess the quality of optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) of the left main (LM) arterial wall and describe and analyse potential artefacts in this setting. Background. OFDI is increasingly used to assess ambiguous lesions and optimize LM percutaneous coronary intervention. However, its ability to provide artefact-free high-quality images of coronary ostia and large segments such as the LM remains uncertain. Methods. We included 42 consecutive patients who underwent OFDI, including LM imaging. Each OFDI frame was subdivided into four quadrants and analysed. The number of quadrants with artifacts was calculated within the proximal, mid, and distal LM and the first 5 mm of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and/or left circumflex artery (LCX). Results. The quadrants analysis showed an overall artifact rate of 8.9%, mostly out-of-field (45.1%) or residual blood (44.7%) artefacts. Most artifacts were located in the proximal LM (18.6%) with a stepwise reduction of artifact rates towards distal segments (mid LM 5.8%; distal LM 3.6%, ostial LAD 2.6%, and ostial LCX 0%; p<0.001). While 20 (48.8%) patients had angiographically visible plaques, OFDI showed plaques in 32 patients (76.2%; p=0.007). Conclusion. OFDI can accurately evaluate the LM and detect and assess angiographically unvisualized atherosclerotic plaques providing accurate assessment of >90% of the quadrants of the LM and the ostia of its bifurcation branches. However, artifacts mainly located in the proximal LM and decreasing distally in a stepwise fashion should be considered in the interpretation of OFDI in this setting.

Influence of endothelium-derived relaxing factor on renal microvessels and pressure-dependent vasodilation

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. F285-F292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hoffend ◽  
A. Cavarape ◽  
K. Endlich ◽  
M. Steinhausen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Relaxing Factor ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Stepwise Reduction ◽  
Afferent Arterioles ◽  
Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor ◽  
Hydronephrotic Kidney

The influence of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) on renal microvessels and autoregulation was visualized in vivo, in the split hydronephrotic kidney of rats. EDRF synthesis was inhibited by local administration of 10(-5) M NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Diameters of arcuate arteries decreased by 17%. In cortical vessels efferent arterioles constricted more (13-16%) than interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles (7-12%). Cortical glomerular blood flow (GBF) decreased by 46% after L-NAME. A similar behavior of blood flow and vascular diameters was also observed in juxtamedullary (JM) arterioles. The responses to acetylcholine but not to sodium nitroprusside were attenuated after L-NAME. After local administration of L-arginine (10(-3) M) diameters of all vessels and GBF increased, vascular responses to L-NAME were blunted. Stepwise reduction of renal perfusion pressure revealed that autoregulation was preserved in cortical vessels after L-NAME. In JM arterioles, which do not autoregulate in female Wistar rats, autoregulation of GBF was enhanced after L-NAME. These data suggest that tonic formation of EDRF influences basal renal hemodynamics to a considerable extent. EDRF may also impair autoregulation of JM glomeruli without disturbing autoregulation of cortical glomeruli.

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