Heats of Formation of Ferrous Chloride, Ferric Chloride and Manganous Chloride

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary F. Koehler ◽  
J. P. Coughlin
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Heats Of Formation ◽  
Ferrous Chloride

Studies in polymerization XI. Reactions between polymer radicals and ferric chloride in non-aqueous media

1957 ◽  
Vol 239 (1217) ◽  
pp. 214-229 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
General Treatment ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
Styrene Polymerization ◽  
Induction Periods ◽  
Dimethylformamide Solution

The polymerizations of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and styrene have been studied in NN -dimethylformamide solution at 60°C in the presence of ferric chloride. In each case the participating radicals enter into a termination reaction with the salt, with reduction of the latter to ferrous chloride. The rate constants of these reactions have been evaluated from kinetic observations; styryl radicals are much more reactive towards ferric chloride than either acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile radicals. This is the expected order if the reactions are of the electron-transfer type. It is shown that estimation of the ferrous salt produced provides a useful practical method for determining the rate of chain starting. In the case of styrene, the reactivity of the radicals is so great that induction periods are observed, from which the rates of chain starting may also be deduced. A general treatment of retarded reactions under certain simple conditions is given and applied to the styrene polymerization.

Kerosene Based Magnetic Fluid Used in Magnetic Fluid Inclination Sensor

2011 ◽  
Vol 211-212 ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Rong Cui ◽  
Ming Li Sun ◽  
Xue Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Saturation Magnetization ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Magnetic Fluid ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Iron Ion ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
Magnetic Nano Particles

Kerosene based magnetic fluid which use kerosene as carrier liquid is characterized by better liquidity and higher magnetization which is qualified enough to use in magnetic fluid based inclination sensor. This paper provides several preparative parameters to control the physical property of kerosene based magnetic fluid during manufacture processing which use ferrous chloride and ferric chloride as forerunner reaction mass. The results show that the proper consistency of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride is 0.6mol/L. Secondly, the saturation magnetization of magnetic nano-particles is highest when the molar ratio between trivalent iron ion and bivalent iron ion is equal to 1.75. Thirdly, the proper reacted temperature is between 60~80°C and pH value should be controlled in a weak alkaline situation while six hours should be necessary for surfactant encapsulated enough around the magnetic nano-particles surface. At last, the saturation magnetization of kerosene based magnetic fluid increases with the increment of density and viscosity of magnetic fluid.

scholarly journals Toxicity reduction in leather tanning wastewater by improved coagulation flocculation process

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Leather Tanning ◽  
Toxicity Reduction ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
High Pollution

The wastewater of leather industry which is one of the most widespread industries having large amount of water consumption and very high pollution loads, may be characterized by several key parameters including toxic pollutants exhibiting toxicity. Therefore the effluent of leather tanning industry must be handled carefully during both treatment plant design and operation. The aim of this study was to improve the coagulation process for toxicity reduction of raw wastewater taken from a leather tanning district central treatment plant (Solofra, (Avellino, Southern Italy). A series of jar test experiments on three samples taken between February and July 2005, were performed using ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, aluminium sulphate and polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC). The optimum coagulation conditions for the first sample were determined as 8.5 pH and 900 mg l-1 dose of PAFC with the addition of Ca(OH)2 which resulted in a 76% COD and 98% TSS removal and more than 50% of D. magna immobilization (at 50% dilution) reduction. Coagulation experiments performed on second and third samples showed that PAFC resulted in the highest COD removal among the coagulants tested The results that PAFC, recently developed coagulant, is the most promising one for leather tanning wastewater, thus, improved coagulation followed by biological treatment can result in safe effluent to aquatic environment.

Study on the Syntheses of Ferrofluids by Different Iron Compounds and their Specific Adsorption Rate of Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia

2013 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. 742-747
Author(s):  
Chang Shu Tsai ◽  
Wei Chung Liu ◽  
Hong Yi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Specific Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Rate ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Ferric Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Ferrous Chloride Tetrahydrate

The highest SAR (specific adsorption rate) value of ferrofluid was found to be 28.5±1.9W/g, when prepared by using ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2•4H2O) and iron(III)nitrate 9-hydrate(Fe(NO3)3• 9H2O) with the 1:1 ratio of iron compound’s molarity. The SAR values of ferrofluids were found to be 62.0±6.5, 59.4±10.3, and 66.0±5.0 W/g, respectively, when prepared by using ferrous sulfate 7-hydrate (FeSO4•7H2O) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3•6H2O) with the 1：2.5, 2.5：1, and 3：1 ratio of iron compound’s molarity . The SAR values of ferrofluids were found to be 66.6±7.0 and 63.5±6.0 W/g respectively, when prepared by using ferrous sulfate 7-hydrate (FeSO4•7H2O) and iron(III)nitrate 9-hydrate (Fe(NO3)3•9H2O), with the 1：1, 1：1.5 and 1：2 ratio of iron compound’s molarity. The SAR values of ferrofluids were found to be 84.7±12.7, 93.4±14.2 and 89.2±6.4 W/g, respectively, when prepared by using ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2•4H2O) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3•6H2O), with the 1：1, 1：1.5 and 1：2 ratio of iron compound’s molarity .

Optimization of phosphorus removal in secondary effluent using immersed ultrafiltration membranes with in-line coagulant pretreatment — implications for advanced water treatment and reuse applicationsA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Citulski ◽  
Khosrow Farahbakhsh ◽  
Fraser Kent
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Pre Treatment

In-line addition of alum and ferric chloride was conducted at a hollow-fibre immersed ultrafiltration (UF) membrane pilot plant, using secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as the feed. The objective of such pretreatment was to remove phosphorus from the feed from an initial concentration of approximately 5 mg/L to below 0.3 mg/L. The simplified in-line coagulant addition process involved hydraulic mixing of the coagulant into the feed and subsequent flocculation, and a greatly reduced (12–14 min) flocculation time relative to conventional coagulation-flocculation-settling treatment. Both alum and ferric chloride effectively removed phosphorus to below the 0.3 mg/L threshold when applied as a pretreatment at optimized doses, both of which were below the WWTP’s current coagulant dose (as ferrous chloride). This simplified pre-treatment scheme provided consistent enhanced removal of phosphorus and organic compounds. These results suggest that simplified in-line coagulant addition in advance of immersed UF membranes enhances the ability to produce treated effluent suitable for water-reuse applications.

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