The compressibility and electrical conductivity of concentrated aqueous calcium nitrate solutions to 6 kbar and 150.degree. C

1977 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pickston ◽  
S. I. Smedley ◽  
G. Woodall
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

Viscosity, electrical conductivity and density of the system ammonium nitrate-dimethyl sulphoxide

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kodejš ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Present System ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of highly concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate in dimethyl sulphoxide have been determined over the temperature range 10-60 °C and the concentration range 7-50 mol% of the salt. The variations in the quantities as a function of temperature and concentration have been correlated by empirical equations. A comparison is made between the transport properties for the present system, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide.

The supercooling ability of calcium nitrate solutions in ethylene glycol

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 2711-2714
Author(s):  
Ivo Sláma ◽  
Jarmila Malá
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Induction Period ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Transformation Diagram ◽  
Temperature Transformation ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The dependence of the induction period of crystallization on the supercooling was determined for the Ca(NO3)2-ethylene glycol system at mole fractions of the former from 0 to 0.049, and treated in terms of the TTT (Time-Temperature-Transformation) diagram. Addition of Ca(NO3)2 to ethylene glycol brings about a substantial increase in the critical induction period of crystallization. The thermal stability of glasses is discussed in terms of the shape and position of the TTT curves.

scholarly journals IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS

Irriga ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-440
Author(s):  
Tales Miler Soares ◽  
Sergio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Cristiano Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Christiano César Dibbern Graf ◽  
Marcelo Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Water Type ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
New Production ◽  
Saline Waters

IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS  Tales Miler Soares1; Sergio Nascimento Duarte1; Christiano César Dibbern Graf2; Marcelo Zanetti2; Silvio Sandoval Zocchi31Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, [email protected] Mudas, Conchal,  SP3Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 RESUMO Avaliar o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos limoeiro ‘Cravo’, tangerineira ‘Cleópatra’ e citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’, irrigados com águas salinas, mensurando se a aplicação de Ca(NO3)2 mitiga eventuais efeitos de íons fitotóxicos, foi objetivo do presente trabalho, conduzido sob ambiente protegido, em Rio Claro-SP. Investigou-se três qualidades de água: água natural (CEa= 1,19 dS m-1), explorada de poço tubular profundo, água dessalinizada (CEa= 0,02 dS m-1), obtida mediante osmose reversa da água natural, e água residual (CEa= 2,11 dS m-1), sub-produto da dessalinização. Os níveis de Ca(NO3)2 avaliados foram 0 e 2,105 g L-1. Averiguando-se os parâmetros usuais do crescimento vegetal, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas, entre os tratamentos, decorrentes da qualidade da água, embora se tenha registrado que esta contribuiu para o aumento da salinização do substrato, ultrapassando, inclusive, o valor da salinidade limiar (CEes= 1,4 dS m-1) reconhecido para os citros. A adição de Ca(NO3)2 não incrementou o desenvolvimento, atuando negativamente no crescimento inicial das raízes e do caule. O curto período necessário ao crescimento dos porta-enxertos, proporcionado pelo atual sistema de produção, associado às irrigações freqüentes e suas frações de lixiviação podem ter restringido efeitos negativos das águas salinas investigadas. UNITERMOS: Citrus, salinidade, condutividade elétrica, substrato.  SOARES, T.M.; DUARTE, S.N.; GRAF, C.C.D.; ZANETTI, M.; ZOCCHI, S.S.       CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER  2 ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the growth of three citrus rootstocks (‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo) irrigated with saline waters, under greenhouse conditions, in order to measure if calcium nitrate mitigates their toxic effects. Three water qualities were investigated: natural water (ECw= 1,19 dS m-1), obtained from a deep tubular well, desalinated water (ECw= 0,02 dS m-1), obtained by reverse osmosis from the natural water, and reject water (ECw= 2,11 dS m-1), resultant from the desalination process. Two Ca(NO3)2 levels were evaluated: 0 and 2,105 g L-1. Usual parameters for plant growth analysis were measured. According to Tukey’s test (5% probability), water quality did not affect rootstocks development, although the water type have contributed to increase the electrical conductivity of substrate saturation extract (ECs) along the experimental period, surpassing the salinity threshold value (ECs = 1,4 dS m-1) reported for citrus. The Ca(NO3)2 addition did not increase the plant growth, but negatively affected the first evaluations of root and stem diameter development. The short time necessary to rootstocks growth provided by new production system, associated to the frequent irrigations and its leaching fractions possible may have restricted the negative effects of saline waters. KEYWORDS: Citrus, salinity, electrical conductivity, substrate.  

Production and Study of Ca/Sn(II) Metastable Fluoride Ion Conductors

1997 ◽  
Vol 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Bell ◽  
Georges Dénès ◽  
Zhimeng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Density Measurements ◽  
Ion Conductors

ABSTRACTPrecipitation reactions from aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate and tin(II) fluoride result in the formation of two metastable phases, depending on the reaction conditions. Crystalline CaSn2F6 and the microcrystalline Ca1-xSnxF2 solid solution are obtained, the latter crystallizing in the cubic fluorite (CaF2) type with total Ca/Sn disorder. Both phases are fluoride ion conductors. Electrical conductivity measurements versus temperature and bulk density measurements show that both phases are far from thermodynamic equilibrium at ambient conditions, and thus are metastable. Both decompose to a mixture of SnF2 and CaF2 at high temperature. In addition, CaSn2F6 is chemically unstable in an aqueous medium, in which it looses SnF2 to give the microcrystalline Ca1-xSnxF2 solid solution.

Studies on recycling spent compost for mushroom cultivation

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Nair
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Rice Hulls ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Casing Layer

Natural weathering of spent compost for 2 years resulted in a lowering of electrical conductivity which enabled it to be used as a casing material in mushroom cultivation. Spent compost and peat moss had different optima of electrical conductivity values for normal mushroom production. Relatively high levels of soluble salts such as calcium nitrate and calcium chloride reduced the yield of mushrooms. The addition of rice hulls and peat moss to spent compost overcame the effect of sealing caused by watering. These amendments improved aeration of the casing layer and increased the number of pseudomonads. Pasteurized, spent compost, aged for 2 years, at a moisture level of 65% saturation, was shown to be a suitable casing material for obtaining relatively good yields of mushrooms. It is suggested that this material may find an application in commercial cultivation of mushrooms.

Electrical conductivity, speeds of sound, and viscosity of aqueous ammonium nitrate solutions

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 1207-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Wahab ◽  
Sekh Mahiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Hydration Number ◽  
Isentropic Compressibility ◽  
Speeds Of Sound ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

Density, electrical conductivity, speeds of sound, and viscosity of aqueous ammonium nitrate solutions were measured as functions of concentration (m, mol kg–1) (0.1599 [Formula: see text] m [Formula: see text] 20.42) and temperature (T, K) (273.15 [Formula: see text] T [Formula: see text] 323.15). Experimental values are consistent with the reported data. Variation of isotherms of electrical conductivity, isentropic compressibility, and structural relaxation time with concentration evoke structural information on the ion solvation in aqueous ammonium nitrate solution at different concentration regions. The primary hydration numbers of ammonium nitrate were estimated at a particular concentration at which the isentropic compressibility isotherms converge. The existence of free hydrated ions, resulting from strong ion solvent interactions in dilute to 9.1 mol kg–1, the solvent-separated ion-pairs resulting from the relative competition between the ion–solvent and the ion–ion interactions in 9.1 to 12.0 mol kg–1, and the solvent-shared ion-pairs beyond 12.0 mol kg–1 resulting from a decrease in the number of solvent molecules, govern the transport process.Key words: electrical conductivity, speeds of sound, viscosity, ammonium nitrate, hydration number.

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