Studies on recycling spent compost for mushroom cultivation

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Nair
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Rice Hulls ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Casing Layer

Natural weathering of spent compost for 2 years resulted in a lowering of electrical conductivity which enabled it to be used as a casing material in mushroom cultivation. Spent compost and peat moss had different optima of electrical conductivity values for normal mushroom production. Relatively high levels of soluble salts such as calcium nitrate and calcium chloride reduced the yield of mushrooms. The addition of rice hulls and peat moss to spent compost overcame the effect of sealing caused by watering. These amendments improved aeration of the casing layer and increased the number of pseudomonads. Pasteurized, spent compost, aged for 2 years, at a moisture level of 65% saturation, was shown to be a suitable casing material for obtaining relatively good yields of mushrooms. It is suggested that this material may find an application in commercial cultivation of mushrooms.

scholarly journals Revisiting the casing layer: Casing materials and management in Agaricus mushroom cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eustáquio Souza Dias ◽  
Diego Cunha Zied ◽  
Arturo Pardo-Gimenez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Productivity Indices ◽  
Casing Layer

ABSTRACT The cultivation of button mushroom has reached a high technological level in developed countries and is associated with high productivity indices. This technological level involves not only compost production and crop management but also the casing layer. Peat has been established as one of the most appropriate casing materials for the cultivation of button mushroom due to its excellent properties. However, good-quality peat is not available in all countries, and peat is not renewable, which reinforces the need for alternative materials. Therefore, studies on the casing layer should include its response to the induction of fruiting since this stage is where the main changes that lead to the formation of primordia occur. This review addresses the different aspects of fruiting induction of Agaricus mushrooms and the influence of the characteristics of the casing layer on mushroom production.

Viscosity, electrical conductivity and density of the system ammonium nitrate-dimethyl sulphoxide

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kodejš ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Present System ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of highly concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate in dimethyl sulphoxide have been determined over the temperature range 10-60 °C and the concentration range 7-50 mol% of the salt. The variations in the quantities as a function of temperature and concentration have been correlated by empirical equations. A comparison is made between the transport properties for the present system, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide.

scholarly journals First Report of Trichoderma harzianum Biotype Th4, on Commercial Button Mushrooms in California

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1404-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. de la Fuente ◽  
D. M. Beyer ◽  
D. L. Rinker
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Button Mushrooms ◽  
Casing Layer

Button mushrooms of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach are commercially cultivated under environmentally controlled conditions. In California they are the most economically important agricultural crop in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, and also an important crop in 10 other counties. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, biotype Th4, can reduce production by preventing formation of fruiting bodies. Biotype Th4 was previously detected and described in Canada (2), Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Unofficial reports suggest its presence in San Mateo County since 1995. Disease incidence and severity on the mushroom farms varied; some mushrooms became severely infected. Green epigeous mycelia and conidia were present on the casing layer resulting in empty patches. On some farms 30% of the production surface was infected during the peak of the epidemic. Initial identification of the species was made by isolating the fungus from the substrate and casing layer. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) cultures coincided with the cultural description of T. harzianum (1,3). Biotype assessments with standard procedures were conducted at Penn State, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of total genomic DNA to screen the California isolates of T. harzianum. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis with 14 different primers indicated that they were the same RAPD haplotype as biotype Th4. The Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario relies on morphological observations from cultures grown on 2% MEA (malt extra agar) at 24°C under diffuse daylight to identify biotypes of T. harzianum (2), and microscopic characters of biotype Th4 were also positively confirmed on the California isolates. More than a parasite or pathogen, T. harzianum biotype Th4 is considered a weed mold of mushroom cultivation. The precise interaction is yet unknown. Modified Koch's postulates were confirmed with bags of commercial mushroom substrate (45 kg) inoculated by spraying 100 ml of a spore suspension (3.0 × 106 spores per ml) at filling, to give final concentrations of 103 to 108 spores per kg of compost. Treatments were T. harzianum biotype Th4, strain Th1, an unidentified isolate, control (distilled water only), and noninoculated. Eight replications per treatment were laid out in a randomized block design. Bags were subjected to standard mushroom cultivation practices. Biotype Th4 was reisolated from empty patches on the casing of all Th4 repetitions. Mean percent cover of the mold (therefore mushroom empty patches) was 30% for crops (flushes) 1 and 2, but individual bags varied from 15 to 90%. The mean percent cover in the other two treatments and in the controls was 0% for crops 1 to 4, therefore significantly different. Green mold was covering the total surface on all Th4 repetitions at third crop. No yields were recorded, but serious losses were obvious for the Th4 treatments. Green mold was not observed in the controls. References: (1) H. M. Grogan et al. Mushroom News 45:29, 1997. (2) D. L. Rinker et al. Mushroom World 8:71, 1997. (3) D. A. Seaby. Plant Pathol. 45:905, 1996.

scholarly journals CONSTRAINTS EXPERIENCED BY MUSHROOM GROWERS IN ADOPTING IMPROVED MUSHROOM PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN PUSA, BIHAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Saloni Sarraf ◽  
Dipak Kumar Bose ◽  
Jahanara Jahanara ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Transport Cost ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Technical Guidance

Mushrooms (vegetarian meat/vegetable beef stick) is becoming fast popular because of its short time period between cultivation and harvesting; less initial investment and can be grown with locally available resources. Though more technology is available for boosting mushroom production, the yield so far achieved is not high. Hence, an attempt is made to find out the constraints faced by mushroom growers in adoption of improved mushroom production practices. Samastipur district of Bihar was purposively selected for the study because, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, a pioneer in mushroom production technology is located in the study area. 120 respondents from six villages of Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar forms the respondents of the present study. Primary data was collected from the mushroom growers and the responses were subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that unavailability of quality spawn, unavailability of skilled labor, absence of technical guidance, high transport cost, unavailability of storage facilities, high cost of spawn and long distance market were the most problematic constraints faced by the mushroom growers. Thus, it can be concluded that adequate extension service should be made available to make mushroom cultivation popular, market and marketing of the products.

scholarly journals IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS

Irriga ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-440
Author(s):  
Tales Miler Soares ◽  
Sergio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Cristiano Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Christiano César Dibbern Graf ◽  
Marcelo Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Water Type ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
New Production ◽  
Saline Waters

IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS  Tales Miler Soares1; Sergio Nascimento Duarte1; Christiano César Dibbern Graf2; Marcelo Zanetti2; Silvio Sandoval Zocchi31Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, [email protected] Mudas, Conchal,  SP3Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 RESUMO Avaliar o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos limoeiro ‘Cravo’, tangerineira ‘Cleópatra’ e citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’, irrigados com águas salinas, mensurando se a aplicação de Ca(NO3)2 mitiga eventuais efeitos de íons fitotóxicos, foi objetivo do presente trabalho, conduzido sob ambiente protegido, em Rio Claro-SP. Investigou-se três qualidades de água: água natural (CEa= 1,19 dS m-1), explorada de poço tubular profundo, água dessalinizada (CEa= 0,02 dS m-1), obtida mediante osmose reversa da água natural, e água residual (CEa= 2,11 dS m-1), sub-produto da dessalinização. Os níveis de Ca(NO3)2 avaliados foram 0 e 2,105 g L-1. Averiguando-se os parâmetros usuais do crescimento vegetal, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas, entre os tratamentos, decorrentes da qualidade da água, embora se tenha registrado que esta contribuiu para o aumento da salinização do substrato, ultrapassando, inclusive, o valor da salinidade limiar (CEes= 1,4 dS m-1) reconhecido para os citros. A adição de Ca(NO3)2 não incrementou o desenvolvimento, atuando negativamente no crescimento inicial das raízes e do caule. O curto período necessário ao crescimento dos porta-enxertos, proporcionado pelo atual sistema de produção, associado às irrigações freqüentes e suas frações de lixiviação podem ter restringido efeitos negativos das águas salinas investigadas. UNITERMOS: Citrus, salinidade, condutividade elétrica, substrato.  SOARES, T.M.; DUARTE, S.N.; GRAF, C.C.D.; ZANETTI, M.; ZOCCHI, S.S.       CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER  2 ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the growth of three citrus rootstocks (‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo) irrigated with saline waters, under greenhouse conditions, in order to measure if calcium nitrate mitigates their toxic effects. Three water qualities were investigated: natural water (ECw= 1,19 dS m-1), obtained from a deep tubular well, desalinated water (ECw= 0,02 dS m-1), obtained by reverse osmosis from the natural water, and reject water (ECw= 2,11 dS m-1), resultant from the desalination process. Two Ca(NO3)2 levels were evaluated: 0 and 2,105 g L-1. Usual parameters for plant growth analysis were measured. According to Tukey’s test (5% probability), water quality did not affect rootstocks development, although the water type have contributed to increase the electrical conductivity of substrate saturation extract (ECs) along the experimental period, surpassing the salinity threshold value (ECs = 1,4 dS m-1) reported for citrus. The Ca(NO3)2 addition did not increase the plant growth, but negatively affected the first evaluations of root and stem diameter development. The short time necessary to rootstocks growth provided by new production system, associated to the frequent irrigations and its leaching fractions possible may have restricted the negative effects of saline waters. KEYWORDS: Citrus, salinity, electrical conductivity, substrate.  

Production and Study of Ca/Sn(II) Metastable Fluoride Ion Conductors

1997 ◽  
Vol 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Bell ◽  
Georges Dénès ◽  
Zhimeng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Density Measurements ◽  
Ion Conductors

ABSTRACTPrecipitation reactions from aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate and tin(II) fluoride result in the formation of two metastable phases, depending on the reaction conditions. Crystalline CaSn2F6 and the microcrystalline Ca1-xSnxF2 solid solution are obtained, the latter crystallizing in the cubic fluorite (CaF2) type with total Ca/Sn disorder. Both phases are fluoride ion conductors. Electrical conductivity measurements versus temperature and bulk density measurements show that both phases are far from thermodynamic equilibrium at ambient conditions, and thus are metastable. Both decompose to a mixture of SnF2 and CaF2 at high temperature. In addition, CaSn2F6 is chemically unstable in an aqueous medium, in which it looses SnF2 to give the microcrystalline Ca1-xSnxF2 solid solution.

Bonding Calcium Chloride and Calcium Nitrate into Stable Hydration Portland Cement Products: Stability Conditions of Calcium Hydrochloraluminates and Calcium Hydronitroaluminates

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrii A. Plugin ◽  
Raisa F. Runova
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Stability Conditions ◽  
Decomposition Reactions ◽  
Tricalcium Aluminate

A thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of calcium chloride and calcium nitrate with tricalcium aluminate when used as a hardening accelerator for portland cement, as well as decomposition reactions of calcium hydrochloraluminate (CHChA) and calcium hydronitroalyuminate (CHNA) formed during the hardening was performed. The conditions of stable existence of CHChA and CHNA in the cement matrix were established.

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