Reaction Rate of Hydrogen Chloride and Sulfide with Steel

1945 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1092-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl F. Prutton ◽  
David Turnbull ◽  
George Dlouhy
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Reaction Rate

Reaction of adamantanone, diamantanone, and their derivatives with thionyl chloride

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 2028-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Janků ◽  
Jiří Burkhard ◽  
Luděk Vodička
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Chlorine Atom ◽  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Chlorine Atoms

In reaction of adamantanone, diamantanone, and their chloro or oxo derivatives with thionyl chloride the oxo group is replaced with two chlorine atoms under formation of geminal dichloro derivatives. The presence of a chlorine atom or an oxo group in both ketones reduces the reaction rate. The reaction rate decreases with decreasing distance between the substituent and the carbonyl group. Ketones with chlorine atom in α- or β-axial position do not react with thionyl chloride. The reaction is accelerated by hydrogen chloride whereas in the presence of pyridine no reaction was observed.

scholarly journals The photosynthesis of hydrogen chloride. I.—A new experimental method; the inhibiting effect of hydrogen chloride

1933 ◽  
Vol 140 (840) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Published Data ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
The Many ◽  
Reaction Vessels ◽  
Semi Empirical

In spite of the many valuable investigations which have been carried out in recent years on the photochemical reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, no general agreement can be said to exist regarding the complete mechanism of the process. Examination of the various semi-empirical formulæ, which have been proposed to represent the rate of reaction, shows that the relative importance of all the experimental factors cannot have been fully realized; and while the divergence in the results of different workers has frequently been ascribed to the effects of small amounts of oxygen or other impurities in the gases used, or to various chain-breaking processes associated with the surfaces of the reaction vessels, yet a complete scheme has by no means been evolved to co-ordinate the results of all the experimental investigations. There are indeed major discrepancies in the published data of different workers which must be satisfactorily cleared up before such an attempt is made. For example, there is the question as to what extent the rate of the formation depends on the amount of light absorbed. Thus the reaction rate in oxygen-free systems has been given by Kornfeld and Müller as directly proportional to the light intensity over a sixty-fold variation, a conclusion supported also by Marshall for gas mixtures of low total pressures (less than 10 mm. Hg) and by Bodenstein and Unger for higher pressures; on the other hand, the results of Chapman and Gibbs indicate that the reaction rate is proportional to a power of the absorbed light which is definitely less than unity, the conclusion being that the limiting value of 0⋅5 would be reached in gas mixtures entirely free from oxygen. The role of hydrogen has also been the subject of considerable discussion. The data of Chapman and Underhill indicate a slight but distinct inhibiting effect at high hydrogen concentrations when a small but definite amount of oxygen was also present. Such an inhibiting effect was confirmed by M. C. C. Chapman, but is in disagreement with the findings of Bodenstein and Dux, the discrepancy being ascribed by Thon to the unsuspected presence of oxygen in the hydrogen used. A similar state of uncertainty exists about the reaction kinetics in mixtures containing larger percentages of oxygen, various formulæ having been proposed from time to time by different workers. In addition no scheme of reaction which does not admit of the calculation of the absolute quantum efficiencies under all conditions can be said to be complete. The difficulties attendant on previous methods of investigation have, however, prevented any fruitful attempt being made in this direction.

DEOXYMERCURATION

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. W. Berg ◽  
W. P. Lay ◽  
A. Rodgman ◽  
G. F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Anhydrous Methanol ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Normal Reaction ◽  
Order Rate

The conversion of several stereoisomeric oxymercurials to alkenes (deoxymercuration) has been studied with hydrogen chloride in anhydrous and near-anhydrous methanol. In each instance the addition of water decreases the second-order rate. In benzene the addition of water to the anhydrous system first accelerates and then decreases the reaction rate. These results have been interpreted in support of molecular rather than ionic participation by hydrogen chloride. Since molecular participation requires the ↑↑ arrangement of alkoxy and chloromercuri groups for easy reaction it follows that oxymercuration also follows a molecular and not a "mercurinium ion" mechanism in the normal reaction.

Kinetics of the Reaction of Atomic Hydrogen with Vinyl Chloride

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1026
Author(s):  
J. S. Tanner ◽  
J. W. S. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Electric Discharge ◽  
Atomic Hydrogen ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Specific Reaction Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

The reaction of hydrogen atoms, produced by electric discharge, with vinyl chloride vapor has been studied at four widely different temperatures. Since the maximum yields of HCl at both 328 and 494 °C exceeded the flow rates of atomic hydrogen, the reaction was observed to have limited chain characteristics. The products were hydrogen chloride, ethylene, methane, and ethane. The specific reaction rate for HCl production was found to be about [Formula: see text] and that for production of ethylene plus ethane was found to be about [Formula: see text].

Locating Al in the DABCO catalyst before and after Al extraction

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-267
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Relationship Of

The reaction rate and efficiency of piperazine to 1,4-diazabicyclo-octane (DABCO) depends on the Si/Al ratio of the MFI topology catalysts. The Al was shown to be the active site, however, in the Si/Al range of 30-200 the reaction rate increases as the Si/Al ratio increases. The objective of this work was to determine the location and concentration of Al to explain this inverse relationship of Al content with reaction rate.Two silicalite catalysts in the form of 1/16 inch SiO2/Al2O3 bonded extrudates were examined: catalyst A with a Si/Al of 83; and catalyst B, the acid/phosphate Al extracted form of catalyst A, with a Si/Al of 175. Five extrudates from each catalyst were fractured in the transverse direction and particles were obtained from the fracture surfaces near the center of the extrudate diameter. Particles were also obtained from the outside surfaces of five extrudates.

Direct observation of Fe-Al-Zn ternary intermetallic compound and its transformation during the early stage of hot-dip galvanizing

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1116-1117
Author(s):  
C. S. Lin ◽  
W. A. Chiou ◽  
M. Meshii
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Zinc Bath ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Ternary Intermetallic Compound

The galvannealed steel sheets have received ever increased attention because of their excellent post-painting corrosion resistance and good weldability. However, its powdering and flaking tendency during press forming processes strongly impairs its performance. In order to optimize the properties of galvanneal coatings, it is critical to control the reaction rate between solid iron and molten zinc.In commercial galvannealing line, aluminum is added to zinc bath to retard the diffusion rate between iron and zinc by the formation of a thin layer of Al intermetallic compound on the surface of steel at initial hot-dip galvanizing. However, the form of this compound and its transformation are still speculated. In this paper, we report the direct observations of this compound and its transformation.The specimens were prepared in a hot-dip simulator in which the steel was galvanized in the zinc bath containing 0.14 wt% of Al at a temperature of 480 °C for 5 seconds and was quenched by liquid nitrogen.

Understanding the risks and rewards of using 50% vs. 10% strength peroxide in pulp bleach plants

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Alan Rudie ◽  
Peter Hart
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mechanical Pulp ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Process Failure

The use of 50% concentration and 10% concentration hydrogen peroxide were evaluated for chemical and mechanical pulp bleach plants at storage and at point of use. Several dangerous occurrences have been documented when the supply of 50% peroxide going into the pulping process was not stopped during a process failure. Startup conditions and leaking block valves during maintenance outages have also contributed to explosions. Although hazardous events have occurred, 50% peroxide can be stored safely with proper precautions and engineering controls. For point of use in a chemical bleach plant, it is recommended to dilute the peroxide to 10% prior to application, because risk does not outweigh the benefit. For point of use in a mechanical bleach plant, it is recommended to use 50% peroxide going into a bleach liquor mixing system that includes the other chemicals used to maintain the brightening reaction rate. When 50% peroxide is used, it is critical that proper engineering controls are used to mitigate any risks.

STUDYING THE KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTRACTION OF ANTHOCYANINS FROM THE SQUEEZE OF KRASNOSTOP ZOLOTOVSKY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Egyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Kinetic Characteristics ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Process Speed

The article shows studies characterizing the quality of the squeeze: the mechanical composition of the squeeze is determined, the structural moisture of each component is determined, the sugar content in the formed process of sedimentation of the juice and its acidity are determined refractometrically. The kinetics of anthocyanins extraction was determined in two ways, the solids content in the extract was calculated, and the reaction rate constants of the extraction process and the efficiency coefficient of ultrasonic amplification of the extraction process speed were calculated.

Leaching Kinetics of Atrazine and Inorganic Chemicals in Tilled and Orchard Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lech W. Szajdak ◽  
Jerzy Lipiec ◽  
Anna Siczek ◽  
Artur Nosalewicz ◽  
Urszula Majewska
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
First Order Reaction ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Time Data ◽  
First Order ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Reaction Constants

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify first-order kinetic reaction rate model performance in predicting of leaching of atrazine and inorganic compounds (K+1, Fe+3, Mg+2, Mn+2, NH4 +, NO3 - and PO4 -3) from tilled and orchard silty loam soils. This model provided an excellent fit to the experimental concentration changes of the compounds vs. time data during leaching. Calculated values of the first-order reaction rate constants for the changes of all chemicals were from 3.8 to 19.0 times higher in orchard than in tilled soil. Higher first-order reaction constants for orchard than tilled soil correspond with both higher total porosity and contribution of biological pores in the former. The first order reaction constants for the leaching of chemical compounds enables prediction of the actual compound concentration and the interactions between compound and soil as affected by management system. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of simultaneous chemical and physical analyses as a tool for the understanding of leaching in variously managed soils.

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