A model water softener for classroom demonstration

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
August Ehmke
Keyword(s):  
Water Softener ◽  
Model Water

Innovative approach to treating waste waters by a membrane capacitive deionisation system

2015 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miša Biro ◽  
Darinka Brodnjak Vončina
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Model Water

AbstractThe application of membrane capacitive deionisation was investigated for treating model water samples and real waste waters from the textile industry. For the pre-treatment of waste waters, nanofiltration was integrated in order to prevent scaling and fouling of membranes and electrodes during membrane capacitive deionisation. Different conditions were applied when treating water samples with membrane capacitive deionisation with the aim of optimising conditions for high desalination efficiency and, consequently, for conductivity reduction. The conductivity of waste waters with high salt concentrations was reduced to the required value, below 1.5 mS cm

The fate of environmental coliforms in a model water distribution system

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. McMath ◽  
C. Sumpter ◽  
D. M. Holt ◽  
A. Delanoue ◽  
A. H. L. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Model Water

scholarly journals Modelling of nitrogen concentrations in water from drained peat soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoli Vassiljev ◽  
Ivar Annus ◽  
Nils Kändler ◽  
Katrin Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Improve Water Quality ◽  
Model Water

Abstract In addition to traditional sources, drained peat soils have been found to be a significant source of nitrogen in Estonia. As a result, supplementary measures are required to improve water quality in rivers. Modelling is a widespread method to select means for improving water quality. At present, modelling of nitrogen in rivers has been concentrated on the influence of agricultural activity. However, drained peat can increase nitrogen concentrations even without fertilization and farming activities. This investigation describes the attempt to model water quality in the watershed with a large share of drained peat soils. The results showed a good alignment between measured and modelled nitrate concentrations using the MACRO and the SOILN for MACRO models. Some measures to improve water quality were tested using these models.

Simulations of Solar Power Systems to Provide Electricity to a Model Water Desalination Plant in Floreana Island, Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Amoroso ◽  
Rubén Hidalgo-León ◽  
Jaqueline Litardo ◽  
Alejandro Granja ◽  
Jackeline Calderón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Electrical Load ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Desalination Plant ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Economic Comparison ◽  
Model Water

Abstract This work shows the techno-economic comparison of the design of two solar photovoltaic systems: 1) on-grid (G-SPVS) and 2) off-grid (SPVS). Both schemes aim to supply electricity to a model water desalination plant located in Floreana Island, Ecuador. The annual load profiles and other operational details of the case study were previously obtained. For this research, a period of 15-years was analyzed. During this time, the maximum power of water pump system remained constant and represented the highest percentage of the electrical load, which changed each year influenced by the drinking water requirements of the population. Results from the HOMER PRO simulations showed that the SPVS produced higher surpluses of electricity. In contrast, the G-SPVS exhibited lower net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE).

scholarly journals Modelling of the Effect of Drained Peat Soils to Water Quality Using MACRO and SOILN Models

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoli Vassiljev ◽  
Ivar Annus ◽  
Nils Kändler ◽  
Katrin Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Improve Water Quality ◽  
Model Water

Investigations have indicated that in addition to traditional sources, drained peat soils can be considered as a significant source of nitrogen in Estonia. This changes the measures to improve water quality in rivers. At present modelling of nitrogen in rivers has been concentrated on influence of agricultural activity. However, drained peat can increase nitrogen concentrations even without fertilization and farming activities. This investigation describes the attempt to model water quality in the watershed with large share of drained peat soils. A good alignment between measured and modelled nitrate concentrations using the MACRO and the SOILN for MACRO models was shown.

scholarly journals Protocol for an outcome assessor-blinded pilot randomised controlled trial of an ion-exchange water softener for the prevention of atopic eczema in neonates, with an embedded mechanistic study: the Softened Water for Eczema Prevention (SOFTER) trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e027168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarif K Jabbar-Lopez ◽  
Nikeeta Gurung ◽  
Danielle Greenblatt ◽  
Annette Briley ◽  
Joanne R Chalmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Atopic Eczema ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Softened Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Water Softener

IntroductionAtopic eczema affects 20% of UK children, and environmental factors are important in its aetiology. Several observational studies suggest an increased risk of atopic eczema in children living in hard water areas. The Softened Water for Eczema Prevention pilot trial tests the feasibility of installing domestic ion-exchange water softeners around the time of birth to reduce the risk of atopic eczema in children with a family history of atopy. A further aim is to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms for this in an embedded mechanistic study.Methods and analysisMulticentre parallel group assessor-blinded randomised controlled pilot trial. Participants are newborn babies (n=80) living in a hard water (>250 mg/L calcium carbonate) area at risk of developing atopic eczema because of a family history of atopy. Participants will be randomised prior to birth in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group will have an ion-exchange water softener installed prior to birth. The control group will receive their usual domestic hard water supply. Follow-up will be until 6 months of age. Data will be collected at birth (baseline), 1, 3 and 6 months of age. The main outcome is the proportion of eligible families screened who are willing and able to be randomised. Several secondary feasibility and clinical endpoints will also be evaluated, alongside mechanistic outcomes. Data will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. There will be no hypothesis testing for the clinical outcomes. Study acceptability will be evaluated through semistructured interviews.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and given a favourable opinion by the North West–Liverpool East Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 17/NW/0661). The results of the study will be reported at international conferences and in peer-reviewed scientific journals. We will send participating families a summary of the pilot trial results.Trial registration numberNCT03270566.

Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Buamah ◽  
R. Asare Mensah ◽  
A. Salifu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Removal Technologies ◽  
High Aluminium ◽  
Model Water

High fluoride levels beyond the recommended value of 1.5 mg/L have been detected in several groundwater wells in Northern Ghana. This occurrence has led to the capping of many high yielding wells that hitherto have been major sources of drinking water for the populace in these arid areas. Most of the fluoride removal technologies applied in the area has not been versatile in effectively removing fluoride because of the varying water qualities. This study focused on screening adsorbents including high aluminium or iron containing bauxite ores, fabricated zeolite and activated Neem seeds for removal of fluoride from drinking water. The model water used was prepared by simulating the prevailing groundwater quality in Northern Ghana. The high aluminium bauxite ore (HABO) had the highest fluoride removal capacity. Within the pH range tested (5–7), the fluoride removal decreased with increasing pH. Occurrence of sulfate, chloride and nitrate in the model water reduced the fluoride removal capacity by 57, 24 and 38% respectively. The combined effect of these anions showed a 60% reduction in the fluoride removal capacity. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms gave an adsorption capacity (K) of 0.90 mg/g for the HABO. The adsorption kinetics fitted well the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The HABO is thermally stable and has kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)5] and gibbsite [Al(OH)3] as its major components. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) results showed Al, Fe, Ti, O, C and Si as the predominant elements in the HABO.

scholarly journals Exploiting the ion-exchange ability of titanate nanotubes in a model water softening process

2014 ◽  
Vol 591 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Madarász ◽  
Imre Szenti ◽  
András Sápi ◽  
János Halász ◽  
Ákos Kukovecz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Titanate Nanotubes ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Softening Process ◽  
Model Water
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